Coral Disease Identification and Information
Literature

Aspergillosis

Alker AP, Smith GW and Kim K (2001). 'Characterization of Aspergillus Sydowii (Thom Et Church), a Fungal Pathogen of Caribbean Sea Fan Corals.' Hydrobiologia 460 (1-3): 105-111.

Bruno JF, Petes LE, Harvell CD and Hettinger A (2003). 'Nutrient Enrichment Can Increase the Severity of Coral Diseases.' Ecology Letters 6 1056–1061.

Geiser DM, Taylor JW, Ritchie KB and Smith GW (1998). 'Cause of Sea Fan Death in the West Indies.' Nature 394 (6689): 137-138.

Hayes RL and Goreau NI (1998). 'The Significance of Emerging Diseases in the Tropical Coral Reef Ecosystem.' Rev. Trop. Biol. 46 (Suppl. 5): 173-185.

Jolles AE, Sullivan P, Alker AP and Harvell CD (2002). 'Disease Transmission of Aspergillosis in Sea Fans: Inferring Process from Spatial Pattern.' Ecology 83 (9): 2373-2378.

Kim K Harvell C (2002). 'Aspergillosis of sea fan corals: disease dynamics in the Florida Keys.' The Everglades, Florida Bay, and Coral Reefs of the Florida Keys: An Ecosystem Sourcebook. J. Porter and K. Porter. Boca Raton, CRC Press: 813-824

Kim K, Harvell CD and Kim PD (2000). 'Fungal Disease Resistance of Caribbean Sea Fan Corals (Gorgonia Spp.).' Marine Biology 136 259-267.

Kim K, Kim PD, Alker AP and Harvell CD (2000). 'Chemical Resistance of Gorgonian Corals against Fungal Infections.' Marine Biology 137 393-401.

Nagelkerken I, Buchan K, Smith GW, Bonair K, Bush P, Garzon-Ferreira J, Botero L, Gayle P, Harvell CD, Heberer C, Kim K, Petrovic C, Pors L and Yoshioka P (1997). 'Widespread Disease in Caribbean Sea Fans: 2. Patterns of Infection and Tissue Loss.' Marine Ecology Progress Series 160 255-263.

Nagelkerken I, Buchan K, Smith GW, Bonair K, Bush P, Garzon-Perreira J, Botero L, Gayle P, Heberer C, Petrovic C, Pors L and Yoshioka P (1997). 'Widespread Disease in Caribbean Sea Fans: 1. Spreading and General Characteristics.' Proceedings of the Eighth International Coral Reef Symposium, June 24-29. Panama, 679-682.

Petes LE, Harvell CD, Peters EC, Webb MAH and Mullen KM (2003). 'Pathogens Compromise Reproduction and Induce Melanization in Caribbean Sea Fans.' Marine Ecology Progress Series 264 167-171.

Rosenberg E and Ben-Haim Y (2002). 'Microbial Diseases of Corals and Global Warming.' Environmental Microbiology 4 (6): 318-326.

Shinn EA, Smith GW, Prospero JM, Betzer P, Hayes ML, Garrison V Barber RT (2000) 'African dust and the demise of Caribbean coral reefs.' Geophysical Research Letters 27: 3029-3032

Smith GW, Harvell CD and Kim K (1998). 'Response of Sea Fans to Infection with Aspergillus Sp. (Fungi).' Revista de Biologia Tropical 46 (5): 205-208.

Smith G, Ives L, Nagelkerken I and Ritchie K (1996). 'Aspergillosis Associated with Caribbean Sea Fan Mortalities.' Nature 382 487.

Bacterial bleaching

Banin E, Vassilakos D, Orr E, Martinez RJ and Rosenberg E (2003). 'Superoxide Dismutase Is a Virulence Factor Produced by the Coral Bleaching Pathogen Vibrio Shiloi.' Current Microbiology 46 (6): 418-422.

Banin E, Y Ben-Haim, M Fine, T Israely and E Rosenberg (2002). Virulence mechanisms of the coral bleaching pathogen Vibrio shiloi. Proceedings of the Ninth International Coral Reef Symposium Bali, Indonesia, 2000. Ministry of Environment, The Indonesian Institute of Sciences and the International Society for Reef Studies. 1261-1266

Banin E, Israely T, Fine M, Loya Y and Rosenberg E (2001). 'Role of Endosymbiotic Zooxanthellae and Coral Mucus in the Adhesion of the Coral-Bleaching Pathogen Vibrio Shiloi to Its Host.' FEMS Microbiology Letters 199 (1): 33-37.

Banin E, Khare SK, Naider F and Rosenberg E (2001). 'Proline-Rich Peptide from the Coral Pathogen Vibrio Shiloi That Inhibits Photosynthesis of Zooxanthellae.' Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 (4): 1536-1541.

Banin E, Israely T, Kushmaro A, Loya Y, Orr E and Rosenberg E (2000). 'Penetration of the Coral-Bleaching Bacterium Vibrio Shiloi into Oculina Patagonica.' Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (7): 3031-3036.

Ben-Haim Y, Zicherman-Keren M and Rosenberg E (2003). 'Temperature-Regulated Bleaching and Lysis of the Coral Pocillopora Damicornis by the Novel Pathogen Vibrio Coralliilyticus.' Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69 (7): 4236-4242.

Ben-Haim Y, Banim E, Kushmaro A, Loya Y and Rosenberg E (1999). 'Inhibition of Photosynthesis and Bleaching of Zooxanthellae by the Coral Pathogen Vibrio Shiloi.' Environmental Microbiology 1 (3): 223-229.

Fine M, Banin E, Israely T, Rosenberg E and Loya Y (2002). 'Ultraviolet Radiation Prevents Bleaching in the Mediterranean Coral Oculina Patagonica.' Marine Ecology Progress Series 226 249-254.

Israely T, Banin E and Rosenberg E (2001). 'Growth, Differentiation and Death of Vibrio Shiloi in Coral Tissue as a Function of Seawater Temperature.' Aquatic Microbial Ecology 24 (1): 1-8.

Kushmaro A, Banin E, Loya Y, Stackebrandt E and Rosenberg E (2001). 'Vibrio Shiloi Sp. Nov., the Causative Agent of Bleaching of the Coral Oculina Patagonica.' International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 51 (4): 1383-1388.

Kushmaro A, Rosenberg E, Fine M, Haim YB and Loya Y (1998). 'Effect of Temperature on Bleaching of the Coral Oculina Patagonica by Vibrio Ak-1.' Marine Ecology Progress Series 171 131-137.

Kushmaro A, Rosenberg E, Fine M and Loya Y (1997). 'Bleaching of the Coral Oculina Patagonica by Vibrio Ak-1.' Marine Ecology Progress Series 147 (1-3): 159-165.

Kushmaro A, Loya Y, Fine M and Rosenberg E (1996). 'Bacterial Infection and Coral Bleaching.' Nature 380 (6573): 396.

Toren A, Landau L, Kushmaro A, Loya Y and Rosenberg E (1998). 'Effect of Temperature on Adhesion of Vibrio Strain Ak-1 to Oculina Patagonica and on Coral Bleaching.' Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (4): 1379-1384.

Black band disease

Antonius A (1981). 'Coral reef pathology: A review.' Proc Fourth Intl Coral Reef Symp, Univ Philippines, Manila 2: 3-6

Antonius A (1981). 'The "Band" diseases in coral reefs.' Proc Fourth Intl Coral Reef Symp, Univ Philippines, Manila 2: 7-14

Antonius A (1973) New observations on coral destruction in reefs. 10th Meeting Assoc Isl Mar Lab Carib 10: 3 (first report of a coral disease)

Bruckner A Bruckner R (1997). 'The persistence of black band disease in Jamaica: Impact on community structure.' Proc 8th Intl Coral Reef Symp, Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, Panama I: 601-606

Bruckner AW, Bruckner RJ Williams EH (1997). 'Spread of a black-band disease epizootic through the coral reef system in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica.' Bulletin of Marine Science 61 (3): 919-928

Carlton R Richardson L (1995). 'Oxygen and sulfide dynamics in a horizontally migrating cyanobacterial mat: Black band disease of corals.' FEMS Microbiol Ecol 18 (2): 155-162

Cooney R, Pantos O, Le Tissier M, Barer M, O'Donnell A Bythell J (2002). 'Characterization of the bacterial consortium associated with black band disease in coral using molecular microbiological techniques.' Environmental Microbiology 4 (7): 401-413

Ducklow H Mitchell R (1979). 'Observations on naturally and artificially diseased tropical corals: A scanning electron microscope study.' Microb Ecol 5 (3): 215-223

Edmunds P (2000). 'Recruitment of scleractinians onto the skeletons of corals killed by black band disease.' Coral Reefs 19 (1): 69-74

Edmunds PJ (1991). 'Extent and effect of black band disease on Caribbean reefs.' Coral Reefs 10 (3): 161-165

Feingold J (1988). 'Ecological studies of a cyanobacterial infection on a Caribbean sea plume Pseudopterogorgia acerosa (Coelenterata:Octocorallia)'. Proc 6th International Coral Reef Symposium. Australia, 157-162

Frias-Lopez J, Zerkle A, Bonheyo G Fouke B (2002). 'Partitioning of bacterial communities between seawater and healthy, black band diseased, and dead coral surfaces.' Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68 (5):2214-2228

Garrett P Ducklow P (1975). 'Coral disease in Bermuda.' Nature 253 (January 31, 1975): 349-350

Kuta KG and Richardson LL (2002). 'Ecological Aspects of Black Band Disease of Corals: Relationships between Disease Incidence and Environmental Factors.' Coral Reefs 21 (4): 393-398.

Kuta KG and Richardson LL (1997). 'Black Band Disease and the Fate of Diseased Coral Colonies in the Florida Keys.' Proceedings of the eighth international coral reef symposium, Panama, June 24-29. Panama, 575-578.8

Kuta KG and Richardson LL (1996). 'Abundance and Distribution of Black Band Disesase on Coral Reefs in the Northern Florida Keys.' Coral Reefs15 (4): 219-223.

Kuta KG and Richardson LL (1994). 'Distribution and Frequency Patterns of Black Band Disease in the Northern Florida Keys.' Bulletin of Marine Science 54 (3): 1078.

Ramos-Flores T (1983). 'Lower Marine Fungus Associated with Black Line Disease in Star Corals (Montastrea Annularis).' Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole 165 (2): 424-435.

Richardson LL, Kuta KG, Schnell S and Carlton RG (1997). 'Ecology of the Black Band Disease Microbial Consortium.' Proceedings from the 8th International Coral Reef Symposium. Smithsonian Trop Res Inst. Panama, 597-600.

Richardson LL (1997). 'Occurrence of the Black Band Disease Cyanobacterium on Healthy Corals of the Florida Keys.' Bulletin of Marine Science 61 (2): 485-490.

RRichardson LL (1996). 'Horizontal and Vertical Migration Patterns of Phormidium Corallyticum and Beggiatoa Spp. Associated with Black-Band Disease of Corals.' Microbial Ecology 32 (3): 323-335.

Ruetzler K and Santavy DL (1983). 'The Black Band Disease of Atlantic Reef Corals. 1. Description of the cyanophyte pathogen.' Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli I: Marine ecology , Hamburg 4 (4): 301-319.

Ruetzler K, Santavy DL and Antonius A (1983). 'The Black Band Disease of Atlantic Reef Corals. 3. Distribution, Ecology, and Development.' Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli I: Marine ecology , Hamburg 4 (4): 329-358.

Taylor DL (1983). 'The Black Band Disease of Atlantic Reef Corals. 2. Isolation, Cultivation, and Growth of Phormidium Corallyticum.' Pubblicazioni della Stazione zoologica di Napoli I: Marine ecology , Hamburg 4 (4): 321-328.

Viehman T and Richardson L (2002). 'Motility Patterns of Beggiatoa and Phormidium Corallyticum in Black Band Disease.' Proceedings of the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium. Bali, 1251-1255.

Dark spots disease

Borger JL (2003). 'Three Scleractinian Coral Diseases in Dominica, West Indies: Distribution, Infection Patterns and Contribution to Coral Tissue Mortality.' Revista de Biologia Tropical 51 (Supl 4): 25-38.

Croquer A, Pauls SM and Zubillaga AL (2003). 'White Plague Disease Outbreak in a Coral Reef at Los Roques National Park, Venezuela.' Revista de Biologia Tropical 51 (Supl 4): 39-45.

Croquer A and Bone D (2003). 'Disease in Scleractinian Corals: A New Problem in the Reef at Cayo Sombrero, Morrocoy National Park, Venezuela?' Revista de Biologia Tropical 51 (Supl 4): 167-172.

Garzon-Ferreira J, Gil-Agudelo D, Barrios L and Zea S (2001). 'Stony Coral Diseases Observed in Southwestern Caribbean Reefs.' Hydrobiologia 460 (1-3): 65-69.

Gil-Agudelo DL and Garzon-Ferreira J (2001). 'Spatial and Seasonal Variation of Dark Spots Disease in Coral Communities of the Santa Marta Area (Colombian Caribbean).' Bulletin of Marine Science 69 (2): 619-629.9

Parasitic/Pathogenic Galls

Dojiri M and Grygier MJ (1990). 'Pionomolgus Gallicolus , Gen. Et Sp. Nov. (Poecilostomatoida: Lichomolgidae), a Gall-Inducing Copepod of a Scleractinian Coral from Australia.' Australian journal of zoology 37 (6): 695-703.

Dojiri M (1988). 'Isomolgus Desmotes , New Genus, New Species (Lichomolgidae), a Gallicolous Poecilostome Copepod from the Scleractinian Coral Seriatopora Hystrix Dana in Indonesia, with a Review of Gall-Inhabiting Crustaceans of Anthozoans.' Journal of crustacean biology. Washington DC 8 (1): 99-109.

Eldredge LG and Kropp RK (1981). 'Decapod Crustacean-Induced Skeletal Modification in Acropora.' International Coral Reef Symposium, 18-22 May 1981. Manila, Philippines, 115-120.

Goldberg WM, Makemson JC and Colley SB (1984). 'Entocladia Endozoica Sp. Nov., a Pathogenic Chlorophyte: Structure, Life History, Physiology, and Effect on Its Coral Host.' Biological Bulletin 166 (2): 368-383.

Grygier MJ and Cairns SD (1996). 'Suspected Neoplasms in Deep-Sea Corals (Scleractinia: Oculinidae: Madrepora Spp.) Reinterpreted as Galls Caused by Petrarca Madreporae N. Sp. (Crustacea: Ascothoracida: Petrarcidae). ' Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 24 (1): 61-69.

Loya Y, Bull G and Pichon M (1984). 'Tumor Formations in Scleractinian Corals.' Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen 37 (1-4): 99-112.

Zibrowius H and Grygier MJ (1985). 'Diversity and Range of Scleractinian Coral Hosts of Ascothoracida (Crustacea: Maxillopoda).' Annales de l'Institut oceanographique, Paris. Nouvelle serie. Paris 61 (2): 115-138.

Plague (White Plague)

Borger JL (2003). 'Three Scleractinian Coral Diseases in Dominica, West Indies: Distribution, Infection Patterns and Contribution to Coral Tissue Mortality.' Revista de Biologia Tropical 51 (Supl 4): 25-38.

Bruckner AW and Bruckner RJ (1997). 'Outbreak of Coral Disease in Puerto Rico.' Coral Reefs 16 260.

Bythell JC, Barer MR, Cooney RP, Guest JR, O'Donnell AG, Pantos O and Le Tissier MDA (2002). 'Histopathological Methods for the Investigation of Microbial Communities Associated with Disease Lesions in Reef Corals.' Letters in Applied Microbiology 34 (5): 359-364.

Croquer A, Pauls SM and Zubillaga AL (2003). 'White Plague Disease Outbreak in a Coral Reef at Los Roques National Park, Venezuela.' Revista de Biologia Tropical 51 (Supl 4): 39-45.

Croquer A and Bone D (2003). 'Disease in Scleractinian Corals: A New Problem in the Reef at Cayo Sombrero, Morrocoy National Park, Venezuela?' Revista de Biologia Tropical 51 (Supl 4): 167-172.

Denner EBM, Smith GW, Busse H-J, Schumann P, Narzt T, Polson SW, Lubitz W and Richardson LL (2003). 'Aurantimonas Coralicida Gen. Nov., Sp. Nov., the Causative Agent of White Plague Type Ii on Caribbean Scleractinian Corals.' Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 53 (4): 1115-1122.

Dustan P and Halas JC (1987). 'Changes in the Reef-Coral Community of Carysfort Reef, Key Largo, Florida: 1974 to 1982.' Coral reefs 6 (2): 91-106.

Dustan P (1977). 'Vitality of Reef Coral Populations Off Key Largo, Florida: Recruitment and Mortality.' Environmental Geology 2 51-58.

Garzon-Ferreira J, Gil-Agudelo D, Barrios L and Zea S (2001). 'Stony Coral Diseases Observed in Southwestern Caribbean Reefs.' Hydrobiologia 460 (1-3): 65-69.

Manfrino C, Riegl B, Hall JL and Graifman R (2003). 'Status of Coral Reefs of Little Cayman, Grand Cayman and Cayman Brac, British West Indies, in 1999 and 2000 (Part 1: Stony Corals and Algae).' Atoll Research Bulletin 496 204-225.

Nugues MM (2002). 'Impact of a Coral Disease Outbreak on Coral Communities in St. Lucia: What and How Much Has Been Lost?' Marine Ecology Progress Series 229 61-71.

Pantos O, Cooney RP, Le Tissier MD, Barer MR, O'Donnell AG and Bythell JC (2003). 'The Bacterial Ecology of a Plague-Like Disease Affecting the Caribbean Coral Montastrea Annularis.' Environ Microbiol 5 (5): 370-82.

Richardson LL, Smith GW, Ritchie KB and Carlton RG (2001). 'Integrating Microbiological, Microsensor, Molecular, and Physiologic Techniques in the Study of Coral Disease Pathogenesis.' Hydrobiologia 460 71-89.

Richardson LL, Goldberg WM, Kuta KG, Aronson RB, Smith GW, Ritchie KB, Halas JC, Feingold JS and Miller SL (1998). 'Florida's Mystery Coral-Killer Identified.' Nature 392 6676): 557-558.

Richardson LL, Goldberg WM, Carlton RG and Halas JC (1998). 'Coral Disease Outbreak in the Florida Keys: Plague Type II.' Revista de Biologia Tropical 46 (5): 187-198.

White band disease

Antonius A and Riegl B (1998). 'Coral Diseases and Drupella Cornus Invasion in the Red Sea.' Coral Reefs 17 48.

Antonius A (1995). 'Pathologic Syndromes on Reef Corals: A Review.' Second European regional meeting; Coral reefs in the past, present and future, Sept. 6-9, 1994. Publications du Service Geologique du Luxembourg. Luxembourg, Luxembourg, 161-169.

Antonius A (1985). 'Coral Diseases in the Indo-Pacific: A First Record.' Marine Ecology 6 (3): 197-218.

Antonius A (1981). 'The "Band" Diseases in Coral Reefs.' Proceedings of the Fourth International Coral Reef Symposium. Manila, 7-14.

Aronson RB and Precht WF (2001). 'White-Band Disease and the Changing Face of Caribbean Coral Reefs.' Hydrobiologia 460 (1-3): 25-38.

Aronson RB and Precht WF (1997). 'Stasis, Biological Disturbance, and Community Structure of a Holocene Coral Reef.' Paleobiology 23 (3): 326-346.

Garcia A, Croquer A and Pauls SM (2002). 'Relationship between Disease Incidence and Size Structure and Species of Corals at the Archipelago of Los Roques National Park, Venezuela.' Interciencia 27 (9): 448-453.

Garzon-Ferreira J, Gil-Agudelo D, Barrios L and Zea S (2001). 'Stony Coral Diseases Observed in Southwestern Caribbean Reefs.' Hydrobiologia 460 (1-3): 65-69.

Gladfelter WB (1982). 'White-Band Disease in Acropora Palmata : Implications for the Structure and Growth of Shallow Reefs.' Bulletin of Marine Science 32 (2): 639-643.

Gladfelter WB, Gladfelter EH, Monahan RK, Ogden JC and Dill RF (1977). Environmental Studies of Buck Island Reef National Monument, St. Croix Us Virgi Islands. St. Croix US Virgi Islands, National Park Service, US Dept Interior, pp.173

Green EP and Bruckner AW (2000). 'The Significance of Coral Disease Epizootiology for Coral Reef Conservation.' Biological Conservation 96 (3): 347-361.

Peters EC, Oprandy JJ and Yevich PP (1983). 'Possible Causal Agent of "White Band Disease" in Caribbean Acroporid Corals.' Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 41 (3): 394-396.

Ritchie KB, Polson SW and Smith GW (2001). 'Microbial Disease Causation in Marine Invertebrates: Problems, Practices, and Future Prospects.' Hydrobiologia 460 (1-3): 131-139.

Ritchie KB and Smith GW (1998). 'Type II White-Band Disease.' Revista de Biologia Tropical 46 (Suppl. 5): 199-203.

Ritchie KB and Smith GW (1995). 'Preferential Carbon Utilization by Surface Bacterial Communities from Water Mass, Normal, and White-Band Diseases Acropora Cervicornis.' Molecular Marine Biology and Biotechnology 4 345-352.

Santavy DL and Peters EC (1997). 'Microbial Pests: Coral Disease in the Western Atlantic.' Proc 8th Int Coral Reef Sym. 607-612.

White Pox

Bruckner AW and Bruckner RJ (1997). 'Emerging Infections on the Reefs.' Natural History 106 (11): 48. [points out that Porter identified white pox in 1996 off the Florida Keys]

Hayes RL and Goreau NI (1998). 'The Significance of Emerging Diseases in the Tropical Coral Reef Ecosystem.' Rev. Trop. Biol. 46 (Suppl. 5): 173-185. [noted that Porter identified white pox in his 1992 paper in Amer. Zoo.]

Patterson KL, Porter JW, Ritchie KB, Polson SW, Mueller E, Peters EC, Santavy DL and Smith GW (2002). 'The Etiology of White Pox, a Lethal Disease of the Caribbean Elkhorn Coral, Acropora Palmata.' Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 99 (13): 8725-8730. [showed that a bacterial species associated with the human gut was a marine invertebrate pathogen]

Porter JW, Dustan P, Jaap WC, Patterson KL, Kosmynin V, Meier OW, Patterson ME and Parsons M (2001). 'Patterns of Spread of Coral Disease in the Florida Keys.' Hydrobiologia 460 (1-3): 1-24. [different diseases exhibit different patterns of spread]

Porter JW and Meier OW (1992). 'Quantification of Loss and Change in Floridian Reef Coral Populations.' American Zoologist 32 (6): 625-640. [first identification of the symptoms associated with white pox]

Yellow band disease

Bruckner AW and Bruckner RJ (1997). 'Emerging Infections on the Reefs.' Natural History 106 (11): 48.

Bruno JF, Petes LE, Harvell CD and Hettinger A (2003). 'Nutrient Enrichment Can Increase the Severity of Coral Diseases.' Ecology Letters 6: 1056–1061.

Cervino J, Goreau TJ, Nagelkerken I, Smith GW and Hayes R (2001). 'Yellow Band and Dark Spot Syndromes in Caribbean Corals: Distribution, Rate of Spread, Cytology, and Effects on Abundance and Division Rate of Zooxanthellae.' Hydrobiologia 460 (1-3): 53-63.

Croquer A and Bone D (2003). 'Disease in Scleractinian Corals: A New Problem in the Reef at Cayo Sombrero, Morrocoy National Park, Venezuela?' Revista de Biologia Tropical 51 (Supl 4): 167-172.

Garzon-Ferreira J, Gil-Agudelo D, Barrios L and Zea S (2001). 'Stony Coral Diseases Observed in Southwestern Caribbean Reefs.' Hydrobiologia 460 (1-3): 65-69.

SHayes RL and Goreau NI (1998). 'The Significance of Emerging Diseases in the Tropical Coral Reef Ecosystem.' Rev. Trop. Biol. 46 (Suppl. 5): 173-185.

Korrubel JL and Riegl B (1998). 'A New Coral Disease from the Southern Arabian Gulf.' Coral Reefs 17 (1): 22.

Santavy D, Peters E, Quirolo C, Porter J and Bianchi C (1999). 'Yellow-Blotch Disease Outbreak on Reefs of the San Blas Islands, Panama.' Coral Reefs 18 97.

Santavy DL and Peters EC (1997). 'Microbial Pests: Coral Disease in the Western Atlantic.' Proc 8th Int Coral Reef Sym. 607-612.

Villamizar E, Posada JM and Gomez S (2003). 'Rapid Assessment of Coral Reefs in the Archipielago De Los Roques National Park, Venezuela (Part 1: Stony Corals and Algae).'

Reviews and broader coral disease papers

Bruckner AW (2002). Priorities for Effective Management of Coral Diseases. NOAA, Silver Spring MD, NMFS-OPR-22, 54pp.

Buddemeier RW, Baker AC, Fautin DG and Jacobs JR (2004). 'The Adaptive Hypothesis of Bleaching.' Coral Health and Disease. In Press (eds) Rosenberg E. Springer-Verlag, Israel, uncorrected.

Epstein N, Bak RPM and Rinkevich B (2000). 'Toxicity of Third Generation Dispersants and Dispersed Egyptian Crude Oil on Red Sea Coral Larvae.' Marine Pollution Bulletin 40 (6): 497-503.

Goreau TJ, Cervino J, Goreau M, Hayes R, Hayes M, Richardson L, Smith G, De Meyer K, Nagelkerken I, Garzon-Ferreira J, Gil D, Garrison G, Williams EH, Bunkley-Williams L, Quirolo C, Patterson K, Porter J and Porter K (1999). 'Rapid Spread of Diseases in Caribbean Coral Reefs.' Revista de Biologia Tropical 46 (Supl5): 157-171.

Green EP and Bruckner AW (2000). 'The Significance of Coral Disease Epizootiology for Coral Reef Conservation.' Biological Conservation 96 (3): 347-361.

Harvell CD, Mitchell CE, Ward JR, Altizer S, Dobson AP, Ostfeld RS and Samuel MD (2002). 'Climate Warming and Disease Risks for Terrestrial and Marine Biota.' Science 296 (5576): 2158-2162.

Harvell CD, Kim K, Burkholder JM, Colwell RR, Epstein PR, Grimes DJ, Hofmann EE, Lipp EK, Osterhaus ADME, Overstreet RM, Porter JW, Smith GW and Vasta GR (1999). 'Emerging Marine Diseases - Climate Links and Anthropogenic Factors. ' Science 285 (5433): 1505-1510.

Hayes ML, Bonaventura J, Mitchell TP, Prospero JM, Shinn EA, Van Dolah F and Barber RT (2001). 'How Are Climate and Marine Biological Outbreaks Functionally Linked?' Hydrobiologia 460 (1-3): 213-220.

Hayes RL and Goreau NI (1998). 'The Significance of Emerging Diseases in the Tropical Coral Reef Ecosystem.' Rev. Trop. Biol. 46 (Suppl. 5): 173-185.

Lafferty KD, Porter J and Ford SE (2004). 'Are Diseases Increasing in the Ocean?' Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 35 (1): In Press.

Quirolo C (2002). 'Coral Disease and Monitoring in the Florida Keys.' Endangered Species Update 19 (1): 15-18.

Richardson LL, et al (2002). ‘Infectious Diseases of reef Corals.’ Proc. 9th Int Coral Reef Symp. Bali, Indonesia, 2000. Ministry of Environment, The Indonesian Institute of Sciences and the International Society for Reef Studies, 1225-1230.

Richardson LL, Smith GW, Ritchie KB and Carlton RG (2001). 'Integrating Microbiological, Microsensor, Molecular, and Physiologic Techniques in the Study of Coral Disease Pathogenesis.' Hydrobiologia 460 71-89.

Richardson L (1998). 'Coral Diseases: What Is Really Known?' Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13 (11): 438-443.

Riegl B and Antonius A (2003). 'Halofolliculina Skeleton Eroding Band (Seb): A Coral Disease with Fossilization Potential?' Coral Reefs 22 (1): 48.

Rosenberg E and Ben-Haim Y (2002). 'Microbial Diseases of Corals and Global Warming.' Environmental Microbiology 4 (6): 318-326.

Sutherland KP, Porter JW and Torres C (2004). 'Disease and Immunity in Caribbean and Indo-Pacific Zooxanthellate Corals.' Marine Ecology Progress Series 266 273-302.

Ward JR and Lafferty KD (2004). 'The Elusive Baseline of Marine Disease: Are Diseases in Ocean Ecosystems Increasing?' PLoS Biology 2 (4): 542-547.

Weil E, Urreiztieta I, et al. (2002) ‘Geographic vriability in the incidence of coral and octocoral diseases in the wider Caribbean. Proc. 9th Int Coral Reef Symp. Bali, Indonesia, 2000. Ministry of Environment, The Indonesian Institute of Sciences and the International Society for Reef Studies, 1231-1238.

Williams EH, Jr. and Bunkley-Williams L (1990). 'The World-Wide Coral Reef Bleaching Cycle and Related Sources of Coral Mortality.' Atoll Research Bulletin 335 (1): 71.

Woodley CM, Bruckner AW, Galloway SB, McLaughlin SM, Downs CA, Fauth JE, Shotts EB and Lidie KL (2003). Coral Disease and Health: A National Research Plan. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD., 72pp.

Prepared by Dr. Laurie Richardson
Florida International University

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