Coral Literature

The following is a list of coral literature which I have accumulated over the years. There are approximately 1108 entries, and I am working on adding another 1000 or so to this list. At some point, I would like to have this available as a searchable database with brief summaries of each listing, and will attempt to provide this as a service in the future. I make no warranties that the information contained herein is absolutely correct, although it should be quite accurate and complete. Although hardly limited to these topics, the primary focus of this literature is predominantly on coral ecology, physiology (nutrition, photosynthesis, competition, allelopathy, etc.) disease, taxonomy,and zonation. The list includes references for all taxa, including Scleractinia, Octocorallia, Corallimorpharia, and Zoantharia.

Abdel-Salam, Hany A., and James W. Porter. 1988. Physiological effects of sediment rejection on photosynthesis and respiration in three Caribbean reef corals. Proc 6^th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 285-9.

Achituv, Yair, and Zvy Dubinksy. 1990. Evolution and zoogeography of coral reefs. In: Coral Reefs: Ecosystems of the World Vol 25 (Z. Dubinsky, ed.). Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Inc. New York: 1-9.

Achituv, Yair, and Yehuda Benayahu. 1990. Polyp dimorphism and functional, sequential hermaphroditism in the soft coral Heteroxenia Fuscescens (Octocorallia), Mar Ecol Prog Ser 64: 263-9.

Adey, Walter H. 1998. Coral reefs: algal structured and mediated ecosystems in shallow, turbulent, alkaline waters. J Phycol 34: 393-406.

Adey, Walter H. 1998. Coral reefs: conservation by valuation and the utilization of pharmaceutical potential. In: Coral Reefs: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management; Proceedings of an Associated Event of the Fifth Annual World Bank Conference on Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development, World Bank, Washington, D.C. October 9-11, 1997. Pp. 72-5.

Adey, Walter H., and Karen Loveland. 1998. Dynamic Aquaria: Building Living Ecosystems, 2^nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego. 498 pp.

Adey, Walter H., and Karen Loveland. 1991. Dynamic Aquaria: Building Living Ecosystems . Academic Press, San Diego. 643 pp.

Adey, Walter H. 1987. Marine microcosms. In: Restoration Ecology. A Synthetic Approach to Ecological Research (William R. Jordan III, Michael E. Gilpin, and John D. Aber, eds.) Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: 133-49.

Adey, W.H. 1983. The microcosm: A new tool for reef research. Coral Reefs 1: 193-201.

Adjerhoud, Mehdi, and Bernard Salvat. 1996. Spatial patterns in biodiversity of a fringing reef community along Opunohu Bay, Moorea, French Polynesia. Bull Mar Sci 59: 175-87.

Alino, Porfirio M., Paul W. Sammarco, and John C. Coll. 1992. Competitive strategies in soft corals (Coelenterata, Octocorallia). IV. Environmentally induced reversals in competitive superiority. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 81: 129-45.

Alino, Porfirio M., Paul W. Sammarco, and John C. Coll. 1988. Studies on the feeding preferences of Chaetodon melannotus (Pisces) fro soft corals (Coelenterata; Octocorallia). Proc 6^th Int Coral Reef Sym 3: 31-7.

Allemand, D., S. Al-Moghrabi, and J. Jaubert. 1992. Fatty acids of the scleractinian coralGalaxea fascicularis and its symbiont: effect of lighting and feeding. Proc 7th Int Coral Reef Sym 1: 379.

Allen, Dr. Gerald R., and Roger Steene. 1994. Indo-Pacific Coral Reef Field Guide. Tropical Reef Research, Singapore. 378 pp.

Allison, N. 1996. Geochemical anomalies in coral skeletons and their possible implications for paleoenvironmental analysis. Mar Chem 55: 367-79.

Al-Moghrabi, S., D. Allemand, and J. Jaubert. 1993. Valine uptake by the scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis: characterization and effect of light and nutritional status. J Comp Physiol Biol 163: 355-62.

Al-Moghrabi, S., D. Allemand and J. Jaubert. 1992. Neutral amino acid uptake by the symbiotic coral Galaxea fascicularis: effect of light and feeding. Proc 7th Int Coral Reef Sym 1: 397.

Andrews, J.C., and G.L. Pickard. 1990. The physical Oceanography of coral-reef systems. In: Coral Reefs: Ecosystems of the World Vol 25 (Z. Dubinsky, ed.). Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Inc. New York: 11-48.

Anthony, S.L., J.C. Langg, and B. Maguire. 1997. Causes of stony coral mortality of a central Bahamian reef: 1991-95. Proc 8^th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 1789-94.

Antonius, Arnfried. 1988. Black Band Disease behavior on Red Sea reef corals. Proc 6th Int Coral Reef Sym 3: 145-50.

Antonius, Arnfried. 1988. Distribution and dynamics of coral diseases in the Eastern Red Sea. Proc 6^th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 293-7.

Antonius, Arnfried. 1985. Black Band Disease infection experiments on hexacorals and octocorals. Proc 5th Int Coral Reef Sym 6: 155-61.

Antonius, Arnfried. 1985. Coral diseases in the Indo-Pacific: a first record. Mar Ecol 6: 197-218.

Antonius, Arnfried. 1981. Coral reef pathology: a review. Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 3-6.

Antonius, Arnfried. 1981. The "Band" diseases in coral reefs. Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 7-13.

Antonius, Arnfried. 1977. Coral mortality in reefs: a problem for science and management. Proc 3rd Int Coral Reef Sym 617-23.

Antonius, A., and B. Riegl. 1998. Coral diseases and Drupella cornus invasion in the Red Sea. Coral Reefs. 17: 48.

Appukuttan, K.K. 1972. Coral-boring bivalves of Gulf of Mannar and Palk Bay. In: Proc Sym Corals Coral Reefs (C. Mukundan and C.S. Gopinadha Pillai, eds.) Marine Biological Ass'n of India, Cochin: 379-98.

Armstrong, P.B., and J.P. Quigley. 1996. Comparative biology of the a2- macroglobulin-based immune system. In: Advances in Comparative and Environmental Physiology, Vol. 24: Invertebrate Immune Responses: Cell Activities and the Environment, (E.L. Cooper, ed.) Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: 9-27.

Ates, Ron. 1995. Colonial anemones - Zoantharia: a review for the seriously interested marine aquarist. Aquarium Frontiers 2(2): 10-13.

Atkinson, M.J., B. Carlson, and G.L. Crow. 1995. Coral growth in high- nutrient, low-pH seawater: a case study of corals cultured at the Waikiki Aquarium, Honolulu, Hawaii. Coral Reefs 14: 215-23.

Atkinson, M.J., and R.W. Bilger. 1992. Effects of water velocity on phosphate uptake in coral reef-flat communities. Limnol Oceanogr 37: 273-9.

Atwood, Donald K., et al. 1992. An assessment of global warming stress on Caribbean reef ecosystems. Bull Mar Sci 51: 118-30.

Austin, A.D., S.A. Austin, and P.F. Sale. 1980. Community structure of the fauna associated with the coral Pocillopora damicornis (L.) on the Great Barrier Reef. Aust J Mar Fresh Res 31: 163-74.

Ayre, D.J., J.E.N. Veron, and S.L. Duffy. 1991. The corals Acropora palifera and Acropora cuneata are genetically and ecologically distinct. Coral Reefs 10: 13-18.

Ayre, D.J., and B.L. Willis. 1988. Population structure in the coral Pavona cactus: clonal genotypes show little phenotypic plasticity. Mar Biol. 99: 495-505.

Ayukai, T. 1995. Retention of phytoplankton and planktonic microbes on coral reefs within the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Coral Reefs 14: 141-7.

Ayukai, T. 1991. Standing stock of microzooplankton on coral reefs: a preliminary study. J Plankton Res 13: 895-9.

Babcock, R.C. 1988. Age-structure, survivorship and fecundity in populations of massive corals. Proc 6^th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 625-30.

Bak, Rolf P.M., and Erik H. Meesters. 1998. Coral population structure: the hidden information of colony size-frequency distributions. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 162: 301-6.

Bak, R.P.M., and J.L.A. Borsboom. 1984. Allelopathic interaction between a reef coelenterate and benthic algae. Oecologia 63: 194-8.

Bak, R.P.M. 1983. Neoplasia, regeneration and growth in the reef-building coral Acropora palmata. Mar Biol 77: 221-7.

Bak, R.P.M.. R.M. Termaat, and R. Dekker. 1982. Complexity of coral interactions: influence of time, location of interaction and epifauna. Mar Biol 69: 215-22.

Bak, Rolf P.M., and Stanley R. Criens. 1981. Survival after fragmentation of colonies of Madracis mirabilis, Acropora palmata, and A. cervicornis (Scleractinia) and the subsequent impact of a coral disease. Proc 4th Int' Coral Reef Sym 2: 221-7.

Bak, R.P.M., and M.S. Engel. 1979. Distribution, abundance and survival of juvenile hermatypic corals (Scleractinia) and the importance of life history strategies in the parent coral community. Mar Biol 54: 41-52.

Bak, R.P.M., and J.H.B.W. Elgerschuizen. 1976. Effects of oil-sediment rejection in corals. Mar Biol 37: 105-13.

Bak, R.P.M., and G. Van Eys. 1975. Predation by the sea urchin Diadema antillarum Phillipi on living coral. Oecologia 20: 111-15.

Baker, Andrew C., Rob Rowan, and Nancy Knowlton. 1997. Symbiosis of two Caribbean Acroporid corals. Proc 8^th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 1295-1300.

Baker, Andrew C., and Rob Rowan. 1997. Diversity of symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) in scleractinian corals of the Caribbean and Eastern pacific. Proc 8^th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 1301-6.

Bakus, Gerald J. 1981. Chemical defense mechanisms on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Science 211: 497-9.

Bakus, Gerald J., Nancy M. Targett, and Bruce Schulte. 1986. Chemical ecology of marine organisms: and overview. J Chem Ecol 12: 951-87.

Bang, Frederik B. 1973. Immune reactions among marine and other invertebrates. BioScience 23: 584-9.

Barlocher, Felix, Janet Gordon, and Robert J. Ireland. 1988. Organic composition of seafoam and its digestion by Corophium volutator (Pallas) J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 115: 179-86.

Barnes, D.J., and J.M. Lough. 1993. On the nature and causes of density banding in massive coral skeletons. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 167: 91-108.

Barnes, D.J., and J.M. Lough. 1992. Systematic variations in the depth of skeleton occupied by coral tissue in massive colonies of Porites from the Great Barrier Reef. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 159: 113-28.

Barnes, D.J., J.M. Lough, and R.B. Taylor. 1992. Coral density banding - the mist is clearing. Proc 7^th Int Coral Reef Sym 1: 221.

Barnes, D.J., and J.M. Lough. 1990. Computer simulations showing the likely effects of calix architecture and other factors on retrieval of density informationfrom coral skeletons. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 137: 141-64.

Barnes, D.J., and B.E. Chalker. Calcification and photosynthesis in reef-building corals and algae. In: Coral Reefs: Ecosystems of the World Vol 25 (Z. Dubinsky, ed.). Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co. Inc. New York: 109-32.

Barnes D.J., and J.M. Lough. 1989. The nature of skeletal density banding in scleractinian corals: fine banding and seasonal patterns. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 126: 119-34.

Barnes, D.J. and M.J. Devereaux. 1988. Variations in skeletal architecture associated with density banding in the hard coral Porites. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 121: 37-54.

Barnes, D.J. 1985. The effect of photosynthetic and respiratory inhibitors upon calcification in the staghorn corals, Acropora formosa. Proc 5^th Int Coral Reef Sym __: 23 + a.

Barnes, David J. 1973. Growth in colonial scleractinians. Bull Mar Sci 23: 280-98.

Barnes, D.J. 1972. The structure and formation of growth-ridges in scleractinian coral skeletons. Proc Roy Soc Lond B 182: 331-50.

Barnes, David J., Bruce E. Chalker, and Donald W. Kinsey. 1986. Reef metabolism. Oceanus. 29:20-6.

Barnes, D.J., and C.J. Crossland. 1980. Diurnal and seasonal variations in the growth of a staghorn coral measured by time-lapse photography. Limnol Oceanogr.25: 1113-17.

Barrington, E.J.W. 1979. Invertebrate Structure and Function. John Wiley & Sons: NY. 765 pp.

Battey, James F., and James W. Porter. 1988. Photoadaptation as a whole organism response in Montastrea annularis. Proc 6^th Int Coral Reef Sym 3: 79-82.

Bayer, Frederick M. 1996. New primnoid gorgonians (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) from Antarctic waters. Bull Mar Sci 58: 511-30.

Bayer, F.M., and M. Grasshoff. 1994. The genus group taxa of the family Ellisellidae, with clarification of the genera established by Gray (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) Senck biol 74: 21-45.

Bayer, Frederick M. 1981. Key to the genera of octocorallia exclusive of Pennatulacea (Coelenterata: Anthozoa) with diagnoses of new taxa. Proc Biol Soc Wash 94: 902-47.

Bayer, Frederick M., and Harding B. Owre. 197_. The Free-Living Lower Invertebrates. Phylum Coeleneterata . The Macmillan Company, NY. 25- 125+.

Bayer, Frederick M. 1973. Colonial organization in Octocorals. In: Animal Colonies. Development and Function through Time (Richard S. Boardman, Alan H. Cheetham, and William A. Oliver, Jr., eds.) Dowden, Hutchinson & Ross, Inc., Stroudsberg, Pennsylvania: 63-93.

Bayer, Frederick M. 1961. The Shallow-Water Octocorallia of the West Indian region: A Manual for Marine Biologists . Martinus Nijhoof, The Hague, Netherlands. 375 pp.

Bayer, Frederick M. 1956. Octocorallia. In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part F. Coelenterata (R.C. Moore, ed.) Geological Society of America and University of Kansa Press: F166-F231.

Bayer, Frederick M. 1957. Recent octocorals. In: Treatise on Marine Ecology and Paleontology Vol 1. (Joel W. Hedgepeth, ed.), University of California, Scripps Institute of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA. Geol. Soc. America Memoir 67: 1105-8.

Beck, J. Warren, et. al. 1992. Sea-surface temperature from coral skeletal strontium/calcium ratios. Science 257: 644-7.

Bell, J. L., and C.J. Hurlbut. 1992. Recruitment of Epitonium ulu onto the solitary coral Fungia scutaria. Proc 7^th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 861.

Benayahu, Y., and M.H. Schleyer. 1998. Reproduction in Anthelia glauca (Octocoralli: Xeniidae). II. Transmission of algal symbionts during planular brooding. Mar Biol 131: 433-42.

Benayahu, Y. 1997. Developmental episodes in reef soft corals: Ecological and cellular determinants. Proc 8^th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 1213-1218.

Benayahu, Y. 1992. Onset of zooxanthellae acquisition in course of ontogenesis of broadcasting and brooding soft corals. Proc 7^th Int Coral Reef Sym 1: 500

Benayahu, Y. 1985. Faunistic composition and patterns in the distribution of soft corals (Octocorallia Alcyonacea) along the coral reefs of Sinai Peninsula. Proc 5^th Int Coral Reef Sym 2: 28+ a.

Benayahu, Y., D. Weil, and Z. Malik. 1992. Entry of algal symbionts into oocytes of the coral Litophyton arboreum. Tissue and Cell 24: 473-82.

Benayahu, Y., T. Berner, and Y. Achituv. 1989. Development of planulae within a mesogleal coat in the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens. Mar Biol 100:

203-10.

Benayahu, Y., Y. Achituv, and T. Berner. 1989. Metamorphosis of an octocoral primary polyp and its infection by algal symbiosis. Symbiosis 7: 159-69.

Benayahu, Y., Y. Achituv, and T. Berner. 1988. Embryogenesis and acquisition of algal symbionts by planulae of Xenia umbellata (Octocorallia: Alcyonacea). Mar Biol 100: 93-101.

Benayahu, Y., and Y. Loya. 1986. Sexual reproduction of a soft coral: Synchronous and brief annual spawning of Sarcophyton glaucum (Quoy & Gaimard, 1833). Biol Bull 170: 32-42.

Benayahu, Y., and Y. Loya. 1985. Settlement and recruitment of a soft coral: Why is Xenia macrospiculata a succesful colonizer? Bull Mar Sci 36: 177-88.

Benayahu, Y., and Y. Loya. 1984. Life history studies on the Red Sea soft coral Xenia macrospiculata Gohar 1940. II. Planulae shedding and post larval development. Biol Bull 166: 44-53.

Benayahu, Y., and Y. Loya. 1984. Life history studies on the Red Sea soft coral Xenia macrospiculata Gohar 1940. I. Annual dynamics of gonadal development. Biol Bull 166: 32-41.

Benayahu, Y., and Y. Loya. 1983. Surface brooding in the Red Sea soft coral, Paraerythropodium fulvum fulvum (Forskal, 1775). Biol Bull 165: 353-69.

Benayahu, Y., and Y. Loya. 1981. Competition for space among coral reef sessile organisms at Eilat, Red Sea. Bull Mar Sci 31: 514-22.

Benayahu, Y., and Y. Loya. 1977. Space partitioning by stony corals, soft corals, and benthic algae on the coral reefs of the northern Gulf of Eilat (Red Sea). Helgo wiss Meers 30: 362-82.

Benzie, J.A.H., A. Haskell, and H. Lehman. 1995. Variation in the genetic composition of coral (Pocillopora damicornis and Acropora palifera) populations from different reef habitats. Mar Biol 121: 731-9.

Bigger, Charles H, and William H. Hildemann. 1982. Cellular defense systems of the coelenterata. In: The Reticuloendothelial System: A Comprehensive Treatise (Cohen and Sigel, eds.), Volume 3: Phylogeny and Ontogeny. pp. 59-87.

Bil', K.Y. P.V. Kolmakov, and L. Muscatine. 1985. Photosynthetic products of zooxanthellae of the reef-building corals Stylophora pistillata and Seriatopora coliendrum from different depths of the Seychelles islands. The Ecology of Reefs: Symposia series for underseas research, NOAA 3: 1-7.

Bilger, R.W., and M.J. Atkinson. 1995. Effects of nutrient loading on mass- transfer rates to a coral-reef community. Limnol Oceanogr 40: 279-89.

Bingman, Craig. 1995. Limewater, Part I. Precipitation of phosphate in limewater and in the aquarium. Aquarium Frontiers 2(4) 6-9.

Bingman, Craig. 1995. Green-fluorescent protein: a model for coral host fluorescent proteins? Aquarium Frontiers 2(3) 6-9.

Birkeland, Charles, ed. 1997. Geographic differences in ecological processes on coral reefs. In: Life and Death of Coral Reefs (C. Birekeland, ed.). Chapman & Hall, New York: 273-97.

Birkeland, Charles. 1976. An experimental method of studying corals during early stages of growth. Micronesica 12: 319-22.

Bischof, Barbie. 1998. State of the reef: cities beneath the sea. Nat Hist 106: 39-45.

Bischof, Barbie. 1998. Status report: reefs in crisis. Nat Hist 106: 46-8.

Black, Kerry P., et. al. 1990. Residence times of neutrally buoyant matter such as larvae, sewage or nutrients on coral reefs. Coral Reefs 9: 105-14.

Black, Nancy A., Richard Voellmy, and Alina M. Szmant. 1995. Heat shock protein induction in Montastrea faveolata and Aiptasia pallida exposed to elevated temperatures. Biol Bull 188: 234-40.

Blank, R.J. 1987. Cell architecture of the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp. inhabiting the Hawaiian stony coral Montipora verrucosa. Mar Biol 94: 143-55.

Blank, Rudolph, J., and Robert K. Trench. 1985. Speciation and symbiotic dinoflagellates. Science 229: 656-8.

Blank, Rudolf J., and Robert K. Trench. 1986. Nomenclature of endosymbiotic dinoflagellates. Taxon 35(2): 286-94.

Blythell, John C. 1990. Nutrient uptake in the reef-building coral Acropora palmata at natural environmental concentrations. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 68: 65-9.

Blythell, J.C., E.H. Glabfelter and M. Blythell. Chronic and catastrophic natural mortality of three common Caribbean reef corals. Coral Reefs 12: 143-52.

Blythell, John, and Charles Sheppard. 1993. Mass mortality of Caribbean shallow corals. Mar Poll Bull 26: 296-7.

Boots, Kees, and Rona Ates. 1995. Ejection seat coral Oulophyllia crispa. Aquarium Frontiers 2(1) 2-5.

Bosscher, Hemmo, and Erik H. Meesters. 198?. Depth related changes in the growth rate of Montastrea annularis. _____ —: 507-11.

Borneman, Eric. 1997. The striking sunflower coral - Tubastraea. Aquarium Net, July issue. http://www.aquarium.net.

Borneman, Eric. 1997. Is leather optional? Aquarium Net, June issue. http://www.aqarium.net.

Borneman, Eric. 1997. The elusive blue tipped acropora. Aquarium Net, May issue. http://www.aquarium.net.

Borneman, Eric. 1997. Bird's nest coral: feathers not included. Aquarium Net, April issue. http://www.aqualink.com

Borneman, Eric. 1997. Pocillopora and the beginnings of coloration. Aquarium Net, March issue. http://www.aquarium.net.

Borneman, Eric. 1997. Sweeping beauty: a tale of anchors, hammers, and other things. Aquarium Net, January issue. http://www.aquarium.net.

Borneman, Eric, and Ed Puterbaugh. 1996. A Practical Guide to Corals for the Reef Aquarium. Crystal Graphics, Inc., Lexington, KY. 112 pp.

Borneman, Eric. 1996. Dendronephthya: a seduction of allusions and illusions. Aquarium Net, December issue. http://www.aquarium.net

Borneman, Eric. 1996. Montipora and the trouble with taxonomy. Aquarium Net, November issue. http:/www.aquarium.net

Borneman, Eric. 1996. The Fire Corals. Aquarium Net, October issue.

Boschma, Hulbrand. 1956. Milleporina and Stylasterina. In: Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology. Part F. Coelenterata (R.C. Moore, ed.) Geological Society of America and University of Kansa Press: F90-F106.

Bosscher, Hemmo, and Erik H. Meesters. 1992. Depth related changes in the growth rate of Montastrea annularis. Proc 7^th Int Coral Reef Sym 1: 507- 11.

Bothwell, Anne B. 1981. Fragmentation, a means of asexual reproduction and dispersal in the coral genus Acropora (Scleractinia: Astrocoenida: Acroporidae) - a preliminary report. Proc 4th Int'Coral Reef Sym 2:

137-44.

Bowden, B., et. al. 1985. Some chemical aspects of spawning in Alcyonacean corals. Proc 5^th Int Coral Reef Sym __: 46 + a

Bowden, Bruce F., John C. Coll, and Sarah Jane Mitchell. 1980. Studies of Australian soft corals. XVIII. Further cembranoid diterpenes from soft corals of the genus Sarcophyton. Aust J Chem 33: 879-84.

Bowden, Bruce F., John C. Coll, and Sarah Jane Mitchell. 1980. Studies of Australian soft corals. XIX. Two new sesquiterpenes with the nardosinane skeleton from a Paralemnalia species. Aust J Chem 33:

879-84.

Bowden, Bruce F., et. al. 1978. Studies of Australian soft corals. IV. A novel bicyclic diterpene from Lobophytum hedleyi. Aust J Chem 31: 163-70.

Bowen, H.J.M. 1966. The elementary composition of living matter. In: Trace Elements in Biochemistry, Academic Press, London: 66-97.

Bradbury, R.H., and P.C. Young. 1981. The race and the swift revisited, or is aggression between corals important? Proc 4th Int Coral Reef Sym 2:

351-6.

Brakel, Willem H. 1983, Depth-related changes in the colony form of the reef coral, Porites astreoides. In: The Ecology of Deep and Shallow Coral Reefs: Symposia Series for Undersea Research, NOAA 1: 21- 25.

Brakel, Willem H. 1977. Corallite variation in Porites and the species problem in corals. Proc 3rd Int Coral Reef Sym 1: 457-62.

Brawley, Susan H., and Walter H. Adey. 1982. Coralliophila abbreviata : a significant corallivore! Bull Mar Sci 32: 595-9.

Brazeau, D.A., and H. R. Lasker. 1990 Sexual reproduction and external brooding by the Caribbean gorgonian Briareum abestinum. Mar Biol 104: 465-74.

Brazeau, D.A., and H.R. Lasker. 1989. The reproductive cycle and spawning in a Caribbean gorgonian. Biol Bull 176: 1-7.

Bright, T.J., et. al. 1992. Mass spawning of reef corals at the Flower Garden Banks, NW Gulf of Mexico. Proc 7^th Int Coral Reef Sym 1: 500.

Brockman, Dieter, and Alf Jacob Nilsen. 1995. A critical comparison of methods for dosing calcium in sea aquariums, Part 2. Aquarium Frontiers 2(4) 2-27.

Brockman, Dieter, and Alf Jacob Nilsen. 1995. A critical comparison of methods for dosing calcium in sea aquariums, Part 1. Aquarium Frontiers 2(3) 2-25.

Brown, B.E., M.D.A. Le Tissier, and J.C. Bythell. 1995. Mechanisms of bleaching deduced from histological studies of reef corals sampled during a natural bleaching event. Mar Biol 122: 655-74.

Brown, B.E., and M. Le Tissier. 1992. Quantification of coral bleaching. Proc 7^th Int Coral Reef Sym 1: 70.

Brown, Barbara E. 1997. Disturbances to reefs in recent times. In: Life and Death of Coral Reefs (Charles Birkeland, ed.) Chapman & Hall, New York: 354- 79.

Brown, B.E., and Suharsono. 1990. Damage and recovery of coral reefs affected by El Nino related seawater warming in the Thousand Islands, Indonesia. Coral Reefs 8: 163-70.

Brown, B.E., and L.S. Howard. 1985. Assessing the effects of "stress" on reef corals. Advances in Marine Biology 22: 1-63.

Brown, Barbara E., Robert Hewit, and Martine D. Le Tissier. 1983. The nature and construction of skeletal spines in Pocillopora damicornis (Linnaeus). Coral Reefs 2: 81-9.

Bruce, A,J. 1998. New keys for the idnetification of Indo-West Pacific coral associated Pontoniine shrimps, with observations on their ecology. Ophelia 49: 29-46.

Bruce, A.J. 1972. A review of information upon the coral hosts of commensal shrimps of the sub-family Pontoninae, Kingsley, 1878 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Palaemonidae). In: Proc Sym Corals Coral Reefs (C. Mukundan and C.S. Gopinadha Pillai, eds.) Marine Biological Ass'n of India, Cochin: 399-419.

Bruce, A.J. 1977. Periclimenes kororensis n. sp., an unusual shrimp associate of the fungiid coral, Heliofungia actiniformis. Micronesica 13: 33-43.

Bruce, A.J. 1976. Coral reef Caridea and "commensalism." Micronesica 12: 83- 98.

Bruckner, Andrew W., and Robin J. Bruckner. 1998. Emerging infections on the reefs. Nat Hist 12/97-1/98: 48.

Bruckner, A.W., and R.J. Bruckner. 1997. Outbreak of coral disease in Puerto Rico. Coral Reefs. 16: 260.

Bruckner, A.W., and R.J. Bruckner. 1997. The persistence of black-band disease in Jamaica: impact on community structure. Proc 8^th Int Coral Reef Sym 1: 601-6.

Brusca, Richard C., and Gary J. Brusca. 1990. Invertebrates. Sinauer Associates Inc., Sunderland, Massachusetts: 217-61.

Bruno, John F., and Peter J. Edmunds. 1998. Metabolic consequences of phenotypic plasticity in the coral Madracis mirabilis (Duchassaing and Michelotti): the effect of morphology and water flow on aggregate respiration. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 229: 187-95.

Bucher, Daniel J., Vicki J. Harriott, and Lisa G. Roberts. 1998. Skeletal micro- density, porosity and bulk density of acroporid corals. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 228: 117-36.

Buchsbaum, Ralph, et. al. 1987. Animals Without Backbones, 3^rd ed., University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 572 pp.

Budd, Ann F. 1988. Large-scale evolutionary patterns in the reef _coral Montastrea: the role of phenotypic plasticity. Proc 6^th Int Coral Reef Sym 3: 393-7.

Buddemeir, Robert W., and Daphne Fautin. 1993. Coral bleaching as an adaptive mechanism: a testable hypothesis. Bioscience 43: 320-6.

Buddemeier, Robert W., Randi C. Schneider, and Stephen V. Smith. 1981. The alkaline earth chemistry of corals. Proc. Fourth Int'l. Coral Reef Symp. 2: 81-5.

Burke, Maria. 1994. Phosphorous fingered as coral killer. Science 263:1086.

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From: steve@celia.UUCP (Steve Tyree) Date: 16 Apr 92 18:34:54 GMT Newsgroups: rec.aquaria Subject: Re: [M] Hard coral spawning continued...

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