Glynn,-P.W.; de-Weerdt,-W.H.  Elimination of two reef-
	building hydrocorals following the 1982-83 El Nino 
	warming event.  SCIENCE-WASH.. 1991. vol. 253, no. 5015, 
	pp. 69-71.

One probable extinction and one range reduction of eastern 
Pacific reef-building hydrocoral (Millepora) species mark the 
first documented cases of species eliminations resulting from 
the worldwide 1980s coral reef bleaching events. Two of 12 
Panamanian coral species were eliminated suddenly from their 
former ranges by prolonged high sea temperatures during the 
1982-83 El Nino-Southern Oscillation event. Three conditions 
contributed to their demise: high sensitivity to sea warming, 
populations confined to a small geographic area, and 
bathymetric restriction to the euphotic zone ( less than or 
approximate to 20 meters depth) where El Nino sea warming had 
its greatest effect.