From hendee@wave Tue May 23 11:03:53 1995 Date: Tue, 23 May 1995 11:03:52 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: Coral Health & Monitoring , aszmant@rsmas.miami.edu, atwood@aoml.erl.gov, bcausey@ocean.nos.noaa.gov, bhaskell@atlantic.nos.noaa.gov, bholland@rdc.noaa.gov, ckrouse@hatteras.bea.nmfs.gov, eakin@ogp.noaa.gov, eclarke@rsmas.miami.edu, ffield@aoml.erl.gov, fishlick@aol.com, florit@coral.aoml.erl.gov, forcucci@aoml.erl.gov, ghitchcock@rsmas.miami.edu, hendee@coral.aoml.erl.gov, jaap_w@harpo.dep.state.fl.us, jogden@marine.usf.edu, labbe@aoml.erl.gov, mdowgiallo@hq.noaa.gov, nelsen@aoml.erl.gov, ortner@aoml.erl.gov, perci@aoml.erl.gov, pglynn@rsmas.miami.edu, ssmith@aoml.erl.gov, wanninkhof@aoml.erl.gov Subject: Coral Health & Monitoring List-Server Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: RO X-Status: Greetings, We will soon be implementing a list-server for our Coral Health and Monitoring program. This e-mail service will function as a forum for information exchange, discussion, and recent news of interest to coral health researchers. List subscribers will also be able to request the following services: 1) Automated e-mail delivery of Coastal-Marine Automated Network (C-MAN) data from stations at Fowey Rocks, Molasses Reef, Sombrero Reef, Long Key, Sand Key and Dry Tortugas. Other stations include those in the South Pacific, the Bahamas and the Flower Garden area in the northern Gulf of Mexico. You will be able to choose which stations you'd like, and the frequency of reporting (e.g., hourly, once-a-day, once-a-week, etc.). The basic data usually include wind speed and direction, sea surface temperature and barometric pressure. Florida Institute of Oceanography enhanced stations include salinity, and photosynthetically-active radiation (PAR). Additional parameters may be added in the future. 2) Automated facsimile delivery of the same data as in (1) above. 3) Automated e-mail delivery of uuencoded .GIF images of CoastWatch data from South Florida, including the Florida Keys. You may choose a frequency of several times per day, once-a-day, etc. For those of you who are unaware of what uuencoding is, it a method for transferring binary data (in this case satellite AVHRR images) as an ASCII message. When you receive the message, you use uudecode to decode the message back into a binary file, then view it on your PC, Macintosh, or Unix workstation. (Please note that the actual CoastWatch data files will not be available--those must be retrieved from Alex Chester of the CoastWatch program.) These and other services, such as an online compendium of published abstracts relating to coral health, and hypertext links to other coral health-related areas, will also be available soon at our World-Wide Web site: http://coral.aoml.erl.gov If you have any suggestions as to other materials you would like to see added to this service, any suggestions as to additional subscriber names, or if you'd like your name removed from this list, please drop a line at your earliest convenience. Thank you for your support. Sincerely yours, Jim Hendee +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ | James C. Hendee | Internet: hendee@aoml.erl.gov | | Coral Health and Monitoring Program | Voice: 305 361-4380 | | Ocean Chemistry Division | Fax: 305 361-4582 | | NOAA/AOML | COASTAL RBBS: 305 361-4524 | | 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway | | | Miami, FL 33149-1026 | | +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ From hendee@wave Fri May 23 13:50:10 1995 Received: from seas.marine.usf.edu (jogden@seas.marine.usf.edu [198.116.54.30]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id NAA18372; Tue, 23 May 1995 13:50:05 -0400 Received: (from jogden@localhost) by seas.marine.usf.edu (8.6.11/8.6.11) id NAA04536; Tue, 23 May 1995 13:52:46 -0400 Date: Tue, 23 May 1995 13:52:46 -0400 (EDT) From: John Ogden To: "James C. Hendee" cc: Coral Health & Monitoring , aszmant@rsmas.miami.edu, atwood@aoml.erl.gov, bcausey@ocean.nos.noaa.gov, bhaskell@atlantic.nos.noaa.gov, bholland@rdc.noaa.gov, ckrouse@hatteras.bea.nmfs.gov, eakin@ogp.noaa.gov, eclarke@rsmas.miami.edu, ffield@aoml.erl.gov, fishlick@aol.com, florit@coral.aoml.erl.gov, forcucci@aoml.erl.gov, ghitchcock@rsmas.miami.edu, hendee@coral.aoml.erl.gov, jaap_w@harpo.dep.state.fl.us, labbe@aoml.erl.gov, mdowgiallo@OASERVERA2.SSMC.NOAA.GOV, nelsen@aoml.erl.gov, ortner@aoml.erl.gov, perci@aoml.erl.gov, pglynn@rsmas.miami.edu, ssmith@aoml.erl.gov, wanninkhof@aoml.erl.gov, milliken@marine.usf.edu, svargo@marine.usf.edu Subject: SEAKEYS Automated Monitoring System In-Reply-To: Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: RO X-Status: Many of you will receive from me a detailed explanation of the situation with regard to the SEAKEYS/NDBC Automated Monitoring system in the Keys. The FIO has hit the wall on funding and unless new sources are identified soon, we will be forced to close the Sand Key and Long Key stations and, more importantly, let our staff at the Key Marine Laboratory who maintain the stations go. I will be in contact with you early next month. In the meantime, if any of you has any good ideas, we would like to hear them. Cheers. John C. Ogden Director Phone: 813/893-9100 Florida Institute of Oceanography Fax: 813/893-9109 830 First Street South St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 From hendee@wave Sat May 24 14:40:02 1995 Received: from coral.aoml.erl.gov (coral.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.19]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with SMTP id OAA21902 for ; Wed, 24 May 1995 14:40:00 -0400 Received: from wave.aoml.erl.gov by coral.aoml.erl.gov via SMTP (931110.SGI/930416.SGI) for hendee@wave.aoml.erl.gov id AA15083; Wed, 24 May 95 14:39:58 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id OAA21889; Wed, 24 May 1995 14:39:22 -0400 Date: Wed, 24 May 1995 14:39:22 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: Coral Health & Monitoring , aszmant@rsmas.miami.edu, atwood@aoml.erl.gov, bcausey@ocean.nos.noaa.gov, bhaskell@atlantic.nos.noaa.gov, bholland@rdc.noaa.gov, ckrouse@hatteras.bea.nmfs.gov, crane@aoml.erl.gov, eakin@ogp.noaa.gov, eclarke@rsmas.miami.edu, esieger@OASERVERA2.SSMC.NOAA.GOV, ffield@aoml.erl.gov, fishlick@aol.com, florit@coral.aoml.erl.gov, forcucci@aoml.erl.gov, ghitchcock@rsmas.miami.edu, hendee@coral.aoml.erl.gov, jaap_w@harpo.dep.state.fl.us, jogden@marine.usf.edu, labbe@aoml.erl.gov, mdowgiallo@OASERVERA2.SSMC.NOAA.GOV, nelsen@aoml.erl.gov, ortner@aoml.erl.gov, perci@aoml.erl.gov, pglynn@rsmas.miami.edu, ssmith@aoml.erl.gov, wanninkhof@aoml.erl.gov Cc: dubosq@tuck.cs.fit.edu Subject: Sample C-MAN data Message-Id: Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: RO X-Status: Greetings, At the bottom of this message is a sampling of C-MAN data from the stations in the Keys. Salinity data have been removed because of some problems with some sensors, and a problem with our parsing code. We hope to begin sending these data to you soon, if you are interested in receiving them automatically. Otherwise, they will be posted on the Home Page at http://coral.aoml.erl.gov. Also note that our "Other Links" portion of the Coral Health and Monitoring page has been dressed up, and we expect the color output for the CoastWatch images will be improved soon, too. If there are other sensor data you feel would be of benefit to you, please drop me a line. Many thanks. Sincerely yours, Jim Hendee ====================================================================== WARNING! These oceanographic data are PREMLIMINARY data and have not been screened for accuracy. NOAA and FIO can not be held liable for use of these data in a manner other than for perusal of preliminary oceanographic data for scientific research on coral reefs. -- Key -- MLRF1 = Molasses Reef 25.01 N, 80.38 W SMKF1 = Sombrero Reef 24.63 N, 81.11 W SANF1 = Sand Key Reef 24.45 N, 81.88 W FWYF1 = Fowey Rocks Reef 25.59 N, 80.10 W LONF1 = Long Key Station 24.84 N, 80.86 W DRYF1 = Dry Tortugas Station 24.38 N, 82.52 W Date and time are local Temperature in Centigrade, Sal = salinity Wind speed in miles/hr, Dir = direction Barometric Pressure in millibars (1 bar = 29.53 inches of mercury) N/A means Not Available at this time PAR = Photosynthetically Active Radiation (surface and 1 meter deep) Air Sea Wind Wind Wind Barom PAR PAR Site Date Time Temp Temp Dir Speed Gust Press Surf 1 m ======================================================================== MLRF1 05/24/95 0400 27.2 28.3 086 16.7 18.2 1011.7 19 20 MLRF1 05/24/95 0300 27.6 28.3 103 13.6 14.7 1012.1 19 20 MLRF1 05/24/95 0200 27.8 28.3 114 11.3 12.5 1012.8 20 20 MLRF1 05/24/95 0100 27.9 28.5 119 12.8 14.4 1013.7 20 20 MLRF1 05/24/95 0000 27.9 28.6 111 12.1 12.8 1013.7 20 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 2300 28.1 28.5 111 11.3 13.0 1014.0 20 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 2200 28.0 28.3 106 13.8 15.0 1014.0 20 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 2100 28.0 28.2 106 17.8 20.0 1013.6 20 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 2000 28.3 28.2 066 13.2 14.4 1013.0 26 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 1900 28.4 28.3 082 11.7 12.5 1012.7 119 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 1800 28.1 28.2 094 14.3 15.3 1012.4 338 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 1700 28.0 28.2 073 13.8 15.3 1012.3 552 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 1600 28.0 28.3 071 15.5 16.3 1012.4 689 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 1500 28.0 28.3 079 10.5 12.1 1012.8 975 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 1400 27.7 28.3 068 12.0 13.3 1013.2 1054 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 1300 27.5 28.4 047 9.2 10.4 1013.9 1082 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 1200 27.3 28.3 041 6.2 6.9 1013.8 1083 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 1100 27.2 28.5 352 3.2 4.0 1013.6 618 20 Air Sea Wind Wind Wind Barom PAR PAR Site Date Time Temp Temp Dir Speed Gust Press Surf 1 m ======================================================================== MLRF1 05/23/95 1000 26.8 28.4 335 1.7 2.5 1013.8 208 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 0900 26.7 28.3 009 4.7 5.8 1014.0 253 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 0800 26.0 28.2 014 8.6 10.4 1013.4 123 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 0700 27.0 28.2 203 7.0 7.8 1012.8 69 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 0600 27.0 28.3 237 5.3 6.3 1012.1 19 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 0500 27.1 28.1 220 5.4 6.3 1011.7 19 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 0400 27.2 28.3 202 6.4 7.2 1011.5 19 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 0300 27.2 28.3 207 8.0 10.4 1011.3 19 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 0200 27.4 28.5 167 4.9 5.5 1011.9 19 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 0100 27.4 28.4 000 0.0 0.0 1012.4 20 20 MLRF1 05/23/95 0000 27.5 28.2 297 7.6 8.6 1012.6 20 20 SMKF1 05/24/95 0400 27.7 28.9 107 12.0 13.0 1008.4 5 7 SMKF1 05/24/95 0300 27.7 28.8 105 10.8 12.2 1008.5 5 7 SMKF1 05/24/95 0200 27.9 28.9 112 14.1 15.3 1009.6 5 7 SMKF1 05/24/95 0100 28.0 29.1 118 12.9 14.4 1010.1 5 8 SMKF1 05/24/95 0000 28.0 29.2 090 9.3 10.8 1010.4 5 9 SMKF1 05/23/95 2300 28.1 28.9 110 17.3 17.9 1010.8 5 9 Air Sea Wind Wind Wind Barom PAR PAR Site Date Time Temp Temp Dir Speed Gust Press Surf 1 m ======================================================================== SMKF1 05/23/95 2200 28.2 29.0 094 16.4 18.2 1010.8 5 10 SMKF1 05/23/95 2100 28.5 29.4 081 12.2 13.3 1010.2 5 12 SMKF1 05/23/95 2000 28.4 29.2 068 10.2 10.8 1009.8 5 17 SMKF1 05/23/95 1900 28.6 29.3 080 5.9 6.6 1009.6 6 28 SMKF1 05/23/95 1800 29.0 29.4 068 7.6 9.8 1009.4 9 41 SMKF1 05/23/95 1700 29.2 29.5 064 7.1 8.0 1009.2 9 36 SMKF1 05/23/95 1600 29.1 29.6 063 5.5 6.2 1009.2 9 33 SMKF1 05/23/95 1500 28.7 29.7 085 6.0 7.0 1009.5 7 22 SMKF1 05/23/95 1400 27.7 29.6 040 8.7 9.4 1010.3 5 15 SMKF1 05/23/95 1300 27.3 29.6 046 8.7 10.1 1010.4 5 12 SMKF1 05/23/95 1200 26.9 29.2 035 8.0 9.0 1010.7 5 12 SMKF1 05/23/95 1100 26.7 29.0 027 11.0 12.4 1010.6 5 12 SMKF1 05/23/95 1000 26.7 28.9 026 14.7 15.6 1010.7 5 10 SMKF1 05/23/95 0900 27.6 28.9 054 4.5 6.4 1010.8 5 10 SMKF1 05/23/95 0800 27.6 28.8 006 6.8 8.9 1010.1 5 8 SMKF1 05/23/95 0700 27.4 28.9 221 4.9 5.6 1009.6 5 7 SMKF1 05/23/95 0600 27.2 28.7 184 11.5 12.3 1008.8 5 7 SMKF1 05/23/95 0500 27.1 28.9 173 11.2 12.5 1008.7 5 7 Air Sea Wind Wind Wind Barom PAR PAR Site Date Time Temp Temp Dir Speed Gust Press Surf 1 m ======================================================================== SMKF1 05/23/95 0400 27.2 29.1 193 13.1 14.4 1008.2 5 7 SMKF1 05/23/95 0300 27.8 29.2 105 8.9 9.9 1008.4 5 7 SMKF1 05/23/95 0200 28.1 29.2 069 9.2 10.1 1008.7 5 7 SMKF1 05/23/95 0100 28.1 29.1 030 4.7 5.8 1009.5 5 8 SMKF1 05/23/95 0000 27.9 29.1 007 10.7 11.8 1009.9 5 8 SANF1 05/24/95 0400 27.6 28.5 108 8.3 9.8 1011.8 21 50 SANF1 05/24/95 0300 27.6 28.4 115 13.5 14.3 1012.0 21 49 SANF1 05/24/95 0200 27.7 28.3 108 13.9 15.9 1013.0 21 49 SANF1 05/24/95 0100 27.8 28.4 084 12.6 13.9 1013.2 20 50 SANF1 05/24/95 0000 27.9 28.5 044 9.9 10.1 1014.1 21 49 SANF1 05/23/95 2300 28.0 28.6 041 10.1 10.5 1014.2 21 49 SANF1 05/23/95 2200 28.0 28.7 038 10.8 11.0 1014.0 21 49 SANF1 05/23/95 2100 28.2 28.7 010 12.2 12.4 1013.4 20 49 SANF1 05/23/95 2000 28.2 28.8 001 7.2 7.4 1013.1 34 57 SANF1 05/23/95 1900 28.5 28.9 017 7.9 9.2 1013.2 185 153 SANF1 05/23/95 1800 28.4 29.0 001 11.5 11.0 1012.8 399 313 SANF1 05/23/95 1700 28.4 29.0 022 13.1 13.9 1012.8 608 486 Air Sea Wind Wind Wind Barom PAR PAR Site Date Time Temp Temp Dir Speed Gust Press Surf 1 m ======================================================================== SANF1 05/23/95 1600 28.3 28.9 007 15.3 15.9 1012.6 796 652 SANF1 05/23/95 1500 28.2 28.9 047 12.5 12.5 1013.1 921 766 SANF1 05/23/95 1400 27.8 28.8 026 15.2 15.3 1013.6 981 865 SANF1 05/23/95 1300 27.5 28.7 025 14.5 15.1 1013.8 988 838 SANF1 05/23/95 1200 27.5 28.6 033 14.5 15.1 1014.2 931 801 SANF1 05/23/95 1100 27.7 28.4 046 13.0 13.7 1014.3 853 683 SANF1 05/23/95 1000 27.5 28.3 036 16.2 16.7 1014.2 644 480 SANF1 05/23/95 0900 27.4 28.2 037 13.2 13.7 1013.9 448 336 SANF1 05/23/95 0800 27.5 28.3 035 14.7 15.3 1013.5 219 163 SANF1 05/23/95 0700 27.6 28.5 035 11.3 12.1 1013.0 42 62 SANF1 05/23/95 0600 27.6 28.4 043 10.5 11.5 1012.5 21 48 SANF1 05/23/95 0500 27.7 28.3 058 10.0 11.2 1012.1 21 48 SANF1 05/23/95 0400 27.4 28.2 325 12.0 13.1 1012.0 20 48 SANF1 05/23/95 0300 27.3 28.3 340 11.8 11.7 1012.4 20 47 SANF1 05/23/95 0200 27.3 28.4 354 14.1 14.3 1012.8 20 48 SANF1 05/23/95 0100 27.3 28.4 006 14.6 14.8 1013.5 21 48 SANF1 05/23/95 0000 27.3 28.4 359 14.4 15.0 1013.8 20 48 Air Sea Wind Wind Wind Barom PAR PAR Site Date Time Temp Temp Dir Speed Gust Press Surf 1 m ======================================================================== FWYF1 05/24/95 0400 27.0 28.7 111 13.0 14.3 1010.3 25 26 FWYF1 05/24/95 0300 27.2 28.5 115 16.6 17.8 1010.5 25 26 FWYF1 05/24/95 0200 27.4 28.7 122 17.4 18.2 1011.2 25 27 FWYF1 05/24/95 0100 27.6 28.8 101 14.6 15.6 1011.9 25 28 FWYF1 05/24/95 0000 27.8 28.8 088 13.3 15.1 1012.3 25 26 FWYF1 05/23/95 2300 27.8 28.8 089 13.0 15.6 1012.4 25 27 FWYF1 05/23/95 2200 27.7 28.7 092 11.6 12.8 1012.5 25 27 FWYF1 05/23/95 2100 27.7 28.5 108 15.4 17.0 1011.9 25 28 FWYF1 05/23/95 2000 27.9 28.3 084 14.3 16.7 1011.8 33 36 FWYF1 05/23/95 1900 28.1 28.4 069 14.0 15.1 1011.2 172 88 FWYF1 05/23/95 1800 27.9 28.5 079 14.1 15.9 1010.8 377 201 FWYF1 05/23/95 1700 27.8 28.5 075 16.1 17.4 1010.9 257 149 FWYF1 05/23/95 1600 27.9 28.6 077 14.7 15.9 1011.1 888 498 FWYF1 05/23/95 1500 27.6 28.6 069 12.2 13.3 1011.3 1046 603 FWYF1 05/23/95 1400 27.4 28.6 071 12.5 13.9 1011.5 1120 713 FWYF1 05/23/95 1300 27.3 28.9 038 13.1 13.7 1012.2 1141 749 FWYF1 05/23/95 1200 27.0 28.7 023 11.2 11.6 1012.1 1098 785 FWYF1 05/23/95 1100 26.6 28.5 007 11.4 12.3 1012.2 978 657 Air Sea Wind Wind Wind Barom PAR PAR Site Date Time Temp Temp Dir Speed Gust Press Surf 1 m ======================================================================== FWYF1 05/23/95 1000 26.4 28.3 004 11.4 12.4 1012.3 789 515 FWYF1 05/23/95 0900 25.9 28.1 341 14.5 15.5 1012.3 549 350 FWYF1 05/23/95 0800 25.7 28.0 335 12.1 13.6 1012.1 240 152 FWYF1 05/23/95 0700 26.3 28.0 336 11.4 12.6 1011.2 52 60 FWYF1 05/23/95 0600 26.3 28.0 329 11.4 12.2 1010.6 24 47 FWYF1 05/23/95 0500 26.8 28.1 324 11.8 12.6 1010.0 24 47 FWYF1 05/23/95 0400 27.2 28.1 339 4.1 5.2 1009.8 24 48 FWYF1 05/23/95 0300 27.1 28.1 031 4.1 4.6 1009.6 25 48 FWYF1 05/23/95 0200 27.1 28.2 082 5.9 6.9 1010.3 25 48 FWYF1 05/23/95 0100 27.0 28.4 082 12.9 14.7 1010.7 25 48 FWYF1 05/23/95 0000 27.8 28.5 042 12.8 14.8 1011.1 25 49 LONF1 05/24/95 0400 27.7 29.3 111 11.7 13.3 1012.3 16 25 LONF1 05/24/95 0300 27.7 29.4 097 10.5 12.8 1012.5 16 25 LONF1 05/24/95 0200 27.9 29.5 107 10.5 11.7 1013.5 16 25 LONF1 05/24/95 0100 28.0 29.6 103 12.2 14.1 1014.3 16 25 LONF1 05/24/95 0000 28.1 29.7 108 10.4 11.2 1014.3 16 25 LONF1 05/23/95 2300 28.3 29.9 107 12.6 14.7 1014.8 16 25 Air Sea Wind Wind Wind Barom PAR PAR Site Date Time Temp Temp Dir Speed Gust Press Surf 1 m ======================================================================== LONF1 05/23/95 2200 28.5 30.0 112 12.9 14.8 1014.6 16 25 LONF1 05/23/95 2100 28.4 30.2 094 12.8 14.3 1014.2 16 25 LONF1 05/23/95 2000 28.4 30.3 089 9.7 10.5 1013.7 20 28 LONF1 05/23/95 1900 28.7 30.4 090 10.7 12.5 1013.4 74 69 LONF1 05/23/95 1800 28.7 30.4 077 10.5 11.8 1013.0 271 216 LONF1 05/23/95 1700 28.3 30.4 086 7.9 9.2 1013.0 168 139 LONF1 05/23/95 1600 28.5 30.2 046 2.3 3.8 1013.0 59 507 LONF1 05/23/95 1500 28.2 30.0 353 1.2 1.4 1013.3 57 651 LONF1 05/23/95 1400 27.8 29.8 075 5.3 7.6 1014.0 740 681 LONF1 05/23/95 1300 27.4 29.4 020 5.6 6.7 1014.4 749 718 LONF1 05/23/95 1200 26.9 29.2 018 7.8 9.1 1014.6 717 707 LONF1 05/23/95 1100 26.4 29.0 012 8.9 10.7 1014.4 638 605 LONF1 05/23/95 1000 26.0 28.9 026 11.4 13.6 1014.8 493 401 LONF1 05/23/95 0900 25.9 28.8 019 11.5 12.2 1014.8 348 252 LONF1 05/23/95 0800 26.0 28.8 015 11.2 12.2 1013.9 179 135 LONF1 05/23/95 0700 26.5 28.9 025 10.8 12.3 1013.6 44 45 LONF1 05/23/95 0600 26.7 29.0 023 10.7 12.2 1012.8 16 25 LONF1 05/23/95 0500 26.9 29.0 026 7.4 8.7 1012.5 16 25 Air Sea Wind Wind Wind Barom PAR PAR Site Date Time Temp Temp Dir Speed Gust Press Surf 1 m ======================================================================== LONF1 05/23/95 0400 26.9 29.0 020 5.5 7.7 1012.1 16 25 LONF1 05/23/95 0300 27.3 29.1 049 7.5 8.4 1012.2 16 25 LONF1 05/23/95 0200 27.5 29.2 054 7.7 8.5 1012.6 16 25 LONF1 05/23/95 0100 27.8 29.3 015 12.1 13.6 1013.2 16 25 LONF1 05/23/95 0000 27.9 29.5 354 12.0 12.8 1013.5 16 25 DRYF1 05/24/95 0400 26.9 28.5 094 4.7 6.4 1012.3 12 16 DRYF1 05/24/95 0300 27.0 28.5 065 7.8 9.7 1012.8 12 16 DRYF1 05/24/95 0200 27.0 28.5 040 8.5 10.2 1013.4 12 16 DRYF1 05/24/95 0100 26.9 28.5 019 10.4 11.6 1014.0 12 16 DRYF1 05/24/95 0000 27.2 28.6 015 11.8 13.2 1014.8 12 16 DRYF1 05/23/95 2300 27.0 28.6 014 8.5 9.5 1014.9 12 16 DRYF1 05/23/95 2200 26.9 28.7 357 7.9 9.3 1014.2 12 16 DRYF1 05/23/95 2100 26.8 28.7 003 10.5 11.6 1013.8 12 16 DRYF1 05/23/95 2000 26.9 28.7 349 11.2 13.1 1014.0 29 30 DRYF1 05/23/95 1900 26.9 28.6 008 10.4 13.5 1014.0 154 144 DRYF1 05/23/95 1800 27.0 28.6 020 13.5 14.7 1013.9 408 351 DRYF1 05/23/95 1700 27.1 28.6 019 13.6 15.1 1013.8 675 649 Air Sea Wind Wind Wind Barom PAR PAR Site Date Time Temp Temp Dir Speed Gust Press Surf 1 m ======================================================================== DRYF1 05/23/95 1600 27.1 28.6 024 13.2 15.1 1013.7 638 606 DRYF1 05/23/95 1500 27.3 28.6 027 11.2 12.4 1014.0 863 872 DRYF1 05/23/95 1400 27.2 28.5 036 11.3 13.3 1014.2 927 988 DRYF1 05/23/95 1300 27.0 28.4 047 12.9 14.0 1014.8 924 1019 DRYF1 05/23/95 1200 27.1 28.4 050 12.5 13.7 1015.2 866 945 DRYF1 05/23/95 1100 27.4 28.4 038 13.9 16.7 1015.3 576 606 DRYF1 05/23/95 1000 27.5 28.4 047 15.1 16.3 1014.8 599 574 DRYF1 05/23/95 0900 27.6 28.4 050 13.2 14.8 1014.6 240 217 DRYF1 05/23/95 0800 27.7 28.4 037 8.0 9.7 1014.3 120 110 DRYF1 05/23/95 0700 27.6 28.4 004 8.0 9.1 1013.6 29 31 DRYF1 05/23/95 0600 27.7 28.3 360 9.5 10.5 1013.4 12 16 DRYF1 05/23/95 0500 27.3 28.4 020 10.7 12.1 1013.0 12 16 DRYF1 05/23/95 0400 27.2 28.4 025 10.9 12.3 1013.1 12 16 DRYF1 05/23/95 0300 26.9 28.4 019 12.1 14.7 1013.3 12 16 DRYF1 05/23/95 0200 26.8 28.4 339 13.0 15.2 1013.7 12 16 DRYF1 05/23/95 0100 26.9 28.4 357 14.6 16.6 1014.2 12 16 DRYF1 05/23/95 0000 27.0 28.5 006 19.2 21.7 1014.5 12 16 === end of message === From hendee@wave Sun Jun 8 14:39:26 1995 Received: from coral.aoml.erl.gov (coral.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.19]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with SMTP id OAA17774 for ; Thu, 8 Jun 1995 14:37:41 -0400 Received: from wave.aoml.erl.gov by coral.aoml.erl.gov via SMTP (931110.SGI/930416.SGI) for hendee@wave.aoml.erl.gov id AA27257; Thu, 8 Jun 95 14:37:40 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id OAA17345; Thu, 8 Jun 1995 14:23:26 - 0400 Date: Thu, 8 Jun 1995 14:23:25 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: Coral Health & Monitoring <73261.2212@compuserve.com>, achester@hatteras.bea.nmfs.gov, alark@extro.ucc.su.oz.au, andy_steven@quickmail.macnet2.gbrmpa.gov.au, ann.sharp@jcu.edu.au, aszmant@rsmas.miami.edu, atwood@aoml.erl.gov, bcausey@ocean.nos.noaa.gov, bhaskell@atlantic.nos.noaa.gov, bholland@rdc.noaa.gov, bob_buddemeier@msmail.kgs.ukans.edu, brianL@gbrmpa.gov.au, c.wilkinson@aims.gov.au, carsey@aoml.erl.gov, ccook@hboi.edu, charpy@tahiti.orstom.fr, cindyh@uhunix.uhcc.hawaii.edu, ckrouse@hatteras.bea.nmfs.gov, crane@aoml.erl.gov, croberts@uvi.mola, croberts@uvi.mola, d_klumpp@aims.gov.au, davel@cc.usu.edu, david.bellwood@jcu.edu.au, dsantavy@gulfbr.gbr.epa.gov, eakin@ogp.noaa.gov, eclarke@rsmas.miami.edu, ehu101@uriacc.uri.edu, emueller@jaguar1.usouthal.edu, esieger@OASERVERA2.SSMC.NOAA.GOV, fichez@tahiti.orstom.fr, fitt@sparrow.ecology.uga.edu, florit@coral.aoml.erl.gov, forcucci@aoml.erl.gov, fossil@selway.umt.edu, gatesrd@biovx1.biology.ucla.edu, gattuso@naxos.unice.fr, gattuso@naxos.unice.fr, gdennis@roo.fit.edu, genin@ccrv.obs-vlfr.fr, ghitchcock@rsmas.miami.edu, ginsburg@rcf.rsmas.miami.edu, gregorh@hk.super.net, hardy@nessie.cc.wwu.edu, hendee@coral.aoml.erl.gov, humphrj1@firnvx.firn.edu, iclarm@cgnet.com, j.mcmanus@cgnet.com, j.munro@cgnet.com, j_benzie@aims.gov.au, jaap_w@harpo.dep.state.fl.us, jcortes@cariari.ucr.ac.cr, jogden@marine.usf.edu, johns@aoml.erl.gov, jordan@servidor.dgsca.unam.mx, kayanne@gsj.go.jp, ks95@umail.umd.edu, labbe@aoml.erl.gov, m_furnas@aims.gov.au, mdowgiallo@OASERVERA2.SSMC.NOAA.GOV, n.polunin@ncl.ac.uk, nebelsick@uni-tuebingen.de, nelsen@aoml.erl.gov, ortner@aoml.erl.gov, oveh@bio.usyd.edu.au, oveh@bio.usyd.edu.au, oveh@bio.usyd.edu.au, oveh@bio.usyd.edu.au, p_doherty@aims.gov.au, p_doherty@aims.gov.au, path@amsg.austmus.oz.au, perci@aoml.erl.gov, peyrot@com.univ-mrs.fr, pglynn@rsmas.miami.edu, planes@syspo.univ-perp.fr, pol@syspo.univ-perp.fr, potts@biology.ucsc.edu, psammarco@smtpgw.lumcon.edu, r.froese@cgnet.com, reinhold.leinfelder@po.uni-stuttgart.de, sale@server.uwindsor.ca, sharohl@cc.usu.edu, ssmith@aoml.erl.gov, steneck@maine.maine.edu, str101.naos.brenesm@ic.si.edu, swart@rcf.rsmas.miami.edu, t_ayukai@aims.gov.au, tja2@vax.york.ac.uk, uhfbo31@alpha1.rhbnc.ac.uk, vinced@syspo.univ-perp.fr, vinced@syspo.univ-perp.fr, wanninkhof@aoml.erl.gov Subject: Coral Health and Monitoring News Message-Id: Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: RO X-Status: Greetings! Our list-server is still under construction, but we hope to have it up and running soon. When that is set up, you will receive news of coral meetings, discussions, symposia, etc, as well as be able to ask questions of others on the list, make announcements, and so forth. In the mean time, here is a little news from the Coral Health and Monitoring Program, which can be found on the World-Wide Web at http://coral.aoml.erl.gov. We have added a rather large list of literature abstracts and references relating to coral health. If you do not see your name and abstract listed, but would like to have it listed, please send the complete journal citation with abstract to hendee@aoml.erl.gov. We have begun to add some historical data (surface temperature and salinity) from the Indo-Pacific's coral reef areas, years 1900 through 1990. Currently listed are data from the Keeling, Christmas Island and Timor Sea areas. Our Coastwatch satellite image data and viewing process has improved. Images are posted daily, and are also archived so that you may view previous days and times. A sample C-MAN (Coastal-Marine Automated Network) bulletin from the Florida Keys has been posted. If you would like to begin receiving these data for selected C-MAN sites at certain times and days, please drop a line so we may add you to the subscription list. These bulletins may be sent by e-mail or faxed (U.S.A. only) to you. Historical C-MAN data will be added soon. These data will include selected Florida Keys C-MAN stations. These services are still under construction, so we appreciate your patience. If you have any suggestions, please let us know. If you know of any other coral researchers who could benefit from these services, please forward their full name and e-mail address. Many thanks for your interest and support. Sincerely yours, Jim Hendee +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ | James C. Hendee | Internet: hendee@aoml.erl.gov| | Coral Health and Monitoring Program | Voice: 305 361-4380 | | Ocean Chemistry Division | Fax: 305 361-4582 | | NOAA/AOML | COASTAL RBBS: 305 361-4524 | | 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway | | | Miami, FL 33149-1026 | | +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ From hendee@wave Thu Jun 12 21:00:41 1995 Received: from extra.ucc.su.OZ.AU (root@[129.78.64.4]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id VAA19422 for ; Mon, 12 Jun 1995 21:00:26 -0400 Received: from [129.78.85.172] ([129.78.85.172]) by extra.ucc.su.OZ.AU (8.6.10/8.6.10) with SMTP id LAA14402 for ; Tue, 13 Jun 1995 11:00:19 +1000 Message-Id: <199506130100.LAA14402@extra.ucc.su.OZ.AU> X-Sender: alark@postbox.su.edu.au Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" Date: Tue, 13 Jun 1995 11:03:12 +1000 To: "James C. Hendee" From: alark@extro.ucc.su.oz.au (Tony Larkum) Subject: Re: Coral Health and Monitoring News Status: RO X-Status: A Dear James, I am sending the following update on the ENCORE experiemnt for your news bulletin. Andy Steven may have some further information on the effect on corals and other organisms and processes. "ENCORE, The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment of Coral Reefs and the Programme of Prof Larkum (School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney). The amount of phosphorus and nitrogen pouring onto the Great Barrier Reef from rivers and drainage off the land is now ten fold what it was fifty years ago. The major source is intensive agriculture with lesser contributions from sewage effluent and industry/urbanisation. In other parts of the world coral reefs have been degraded by effluent from such sources. Nutrients are high on the list of agents which may have caused this effect. The conventional thinking is that natural algae grow faster in the presence of added nutrients (N+P) and that they then overgrow and smother the coral and other animals of a typical coral reef leading eventually to the disappearance of coral and the formation of an algal reef. There is no consensus at the moment that the increased levels of nutrient (N+P) on the Great Barrier Reef are at levels that may cause concern or even that nutrients are the causal agent in decline of coral reefs elsewhere, eg Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii; Philippines, Thailand. Nevertheless nutrients must be building up in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon and this poses a potential threat to the GBR and its $1.4 billion contribution to the Gross Nationa Product. To answer the questions arising from the previous discussion an in situ reef fertilisation experiment is being undertaken on the Australian Great Barrier Reef (at One Tree Island), to investigate the response of coral reefs to nutrient enrichment. This experiment, known as ENCORE, was designed by Prof Larkum (University of Sydney) and Mr. Andy Steven (GBRMPA) to quantify the fate of nitrogen and phosphorus within a coral reef, and compare their impact on a variety of coral reef organisms. Coordinated by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville (GBRMPA), 30 scientists from 8 Australian and 3 overseas organisations are undertaking research encompassing cellular through to community level responses. This research will provide a scientific basis for developing appropriate water quality management strategies in coral reef environments, and may identify a number of sub-lethal indicators of nutrient stress. Nine robots have been built and deployed in natural shallow pools (microatolls) in the main lagoon at One Tree Reef. At each low tide these robots squirt a dose of pollution (N or P or N+P) into the pool. The following organisms are being studied in detail: a range of typical corals, clams, sponges, fish, bacteria, and algae. The results to the present time are surprising in that they show a direct effect on coral growth and reproduction and on the growth of clams. Most surprising is the lack of effect on the microscopic algae which are generally considered to feed the animals of the reef. It seems that under the conditions at One Tree (and maybe generally on coral reefs) they are not limited by nutrients. The rates of primary production that have been measured are at the upper range for any known alga and therefore it is likely that the algae are limited by inorganic carbon supply rather than by nutrients. Nutrient recycling within the epilithic algal community is probably adequate to supply the N and P needs of these algae. Addition of nutrients to these algae in tanks has not increased primary productivity. Protection of the algae from grazing has also not enhanced productivity - supporting the contention that the algae are limited by carbon supply. In the longer term the biomass and possibly the primary productivity are limited by grazing, particularly by grazing fish. However the levels of nutrients that have been discharged into the pools over the last year are very low. As a result it has been decided to treble the loading in 1995. Under these conditions (the same concentration as before but delivered in three injections 30 min apart) it is expected that there will be a response of the microscopic algae in the form of a community shift whereby certain green algae will dominate and grow excessively. However this has to be put to the test. Funding for ENCORE is at two levels. The GBRMPA (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority) funds the infrastructure of the project and supports a minimal amount of research. Individual researchers are mainly dependent therefore on grants that they can attract from funding bodies. Prof. Larkum had an Australian Research Council grant for his work from 1992-94. Detailed Results on the algae to the present time The algae referred to as EAC are the epilithic algal community (which we study on year-old dead Porites blocks). These have shown no response in any of the experimental atolls to added nutrients. At first we thought that this was due to the effect of severe grazing, but we found the same effect when we caged the blocks for two weeks. We then thought that the levels of added nutrients might be so low that this was the reason for no effect. So we bathed the blocks in ten-fold nutrient concentrations for 24-48 hours. This was done both with our respirometers and the "Cheshire" respirometer. Still we got no effect. So we have to conclude that the EAC is not nutrient limited in the lagoon at One Tree. (We have repeated this at several seasons so it is not a seasonal effect -although Hatcher and Larkum 1983 did detect a small effect in Spring, and it is possible that this does occur and we missed it). No inhibition of growth of crustose coralline algae - Lithothamnion and Lithophyllum spp. has been found. My group has not been studying the macroalgae. These are not common inside the microatolls but do occur on the outside rims of the microatolls - particularly at the moment Laurencia spp. Ed Drew and Bill Dennison have been studying effects of nutrients on these. Bill claims to have found a definite stimulation of growth and Ed a non-statistical stimulation. Note that this update has concentrated on the free-living micro- and macro-algae. Of course, corals and many other animals of coral reefs, have symbiotic zooxanthellae. We are not studying these algae, but many other workers are and particularly Drs. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg and Assoc. Prof. D. Yellowlees of the ENCORE Project. In general past work seems to suggest that increased nitrogen causes an increased gowth of the zooxanthellae. This increased growth may adversely affect the growth of corals. Current research in the ENCORE Project is directed towards testing this hypothesis Reference. Larkum, A.W.D. and Steven, A.D.L 1994. ENCORE (The effect of nutrient enrichment on a coral reef). 1. Experimental design and research programme. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 29, 112-120 A.W.D. Larkum Professor of Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 tel (02) 351 2069 fax (02) 351 4771 email alark@extro.ucc.su.oz.au" Prof Tony Larkum Sydney University alark@extro.ucc.su.oz.au Ph (02) 692 2069 Fax (02) 692 4771 From hendee@wave Wed Jun 11 12:06:45 1995 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id MAA19868 for hendee@aoml.erl.gov; Sun, 11 Jun 1995 12:06:45 -0400 Date: Sun, 11 Jun 1995 12:06:45 -0400 From: Jim Hendee Message-Id: <199506111606.MAA19868@aoml.erl.gov> To: hendee@aoml.erl.gov Subject: (fwd) Re: Death of Acropora in BVI Newsgroups: sci.geo.oceanography Organization: "U.S. Dept. of Commerce, NOAA/AOML, Miami, FL" Status: RO X-Status: Path: news.aoml.erl.gov!usenet.fiu.edu!usenet.eel.ufl.edu!news.ultranet.com!news.sprintlink.net!demon!daflight.demon.co. uk!hugh From: Hugh Easton Newsgroups: sci.geo.oceanography Subject: Re: Death of Acropora in BVI Date: 8 Jun 1995 00:40:44 +0100 Organization: Lines: 163 Sender: news@news.demon.co.uk Message-ID: <802567217snz@daflight.demon.co.uk> References: Reply-To: hugh@daflight.demon.co.uk NNTP-Posting-Host: dispatch.demon.co.uk X-Newsreader: Demon Internet Simple News v1.27 X-Posting-Host: daflight.demon.co.uk In article mcallist@gate.net "Ray McAllister" writes: > Josh, your analysis is much more believable to me than the global warming > hypothesis. So far we have no definitive evidence for ocean warming and > may have to wait till ATOC to get anytrhing dependable. That is no longer true, at least according to an article, "Drying out the tropics", in the 6 May issue of New Scientist. Apparently there has been a recent shift in thinking among climatologists about the stability of tropical climates. More importantly for the purposes of our discussion, substantial warming has been measured in tropical oceans. "The 1980's were the warmest decade on record, and this was primarily because temperatures rose in the tropics. ... The tropical ocean temperatures were between 0.25 and 0.75 C warmer [from 1981 to 1990] compared with 1951 to 1980. Since 1976, the eastern tropical Pacific has been more than 0.5 C warmer than in the previous decades" I have also got some material which explains why high water temperatures adversely affect coral reefs: "Because reef-building corals are dependant on their plant partners, they need shallow, sunlit waters for photosynthesis to occur most rapidly. These conditions are also essential for the successful deposition of the corallite by the coral polyp. The optimum temperature for this to take place is between 26 C and 27 C (79 F and 81 F). Once the temperature falls below 23 C (73 F) or rises above 29 C (84 F), the rate of calcification rapidly decreases and the forces of erosion overwhelm those of growth and repair. Prolonged temperature changes therefore spell doom for a reef. ... There is another ominous threat to reefs connected with rising sea temperatures that has recently come to light. Coral colonies have been known to occasionally lose their zooxanthellae. The ability of the zooxanthellae to produce oxygen by photosynthesis increases with temperature. It appears that if the zooxanthellae produce too much oxygen during photosynthesis, then toxic by-products result that are damaging to the tissues of the coral polyp. Thus, the zooxanthellae may be lost through the damaged wall of the polyp back into the ocean. The coral colony turns brilliant white as it now lacks any pigmentation. The process is known as coral bleaching. Close inspection of a bleached coral colony at night will reveal that coral polyps are still present, but transparent. Such a coral may recover by obtaining new zooxanthellae from the surrounding water but it is more likely, however, that it will die. Outbreaks of coral bleaching have been recorded world-wide and cover enormous tracts of reef. At least three major occurrances since 1979 have been reported by researchers. Particularly alarming is the fact that episodes of bleaching coincide with either the hottest season for that area, or unusually hot conditions due to other factors." - Reef, pp 31 & 58-59, Jeremy Stafford-Deitsch, Headline 1991. So unusually high temperatures have two effects on corals. At temperatures above 29 C corals growth is no longer fast enough to keep up with erosion, and at temperatures substantially higher than the coral is used to, oxygen damage and coral bleaching occur. Recent research has confirmed that high water temperatures are the primary cause of coral bleaching: "Major outbreaks of "bleaching" of coral reefs in the past decade were almost always caused by unusually high sea temperatures, probably linked to global warming, according to the first global study of the phenomenon. ... Goreau, who is president of the Global Coral Reef Alliance, and his colleague, Raymond Hayes, former chairman of marine sciences at the University of the Virgin Islands, discerned a rising tide of coral bleaching between 1983 and 1991. They compared its incidence with satellite data on average ocean temperatures (Ambio, vol 23, p176). In 1983, coral was bleached throughout the Pacific, from the Java Sea to Costa Rica. Bleaching was widespread in the Caribbean in 1987, and recurred every year until 1990 - a year of record temperatures and bleaching in the Gulf region of Oman. Bleaching was again widespread in the Pacific in 1991, from Thailand to Polynesia. Bleaching occurs in all waters, from the warmest that can sustain coral reefs to the coldest. Goreau and Hayes found that the effect is triggered not by any specific temperature, but by anomalous warming locally. Bleaching invariably followed the warmest period ever recorded in an area. The threshold appeared to be a monthly mean more than 1 C higher than the long-term average. "Above [that temperature] bleaching always took place," say the researchers, "and below it did not." Most bleaching in the Pacific occurred in 1983, 1987 and 1991, when changes in ocean circulation - known as El Nino events - caused warmer water than usual to spread across the tropical Pacific. However, El Nino is unlikely to have caused the bleaching in the Caribbean, where the two researchers say that a strong warming trend persisted throughout the 1980s." - A paler shade of coral... New Scientist 11/6/94, p19. I have been collecting the CAC ENSO indices for the last year and a bit. These include the monthly average temperatures for various sectors of the Pacific. Here are the Nino 4 and Ship Track 6 figures which refer to temperatures in the equatorial Pacific. Anomaly SST(C) mar 94 Nino 4 0.2 (28.3) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (28.4) apr 94 Nino 4 0.3 (28.6) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (28.5) may 94 Nino 4 0.6 (29.1) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (29.0) Jun 94 Nino 4 0.6 (29.1) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (29.0) Jul 94 Nino 4 1.0 (29.4) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (29.3) Aug 94 Nino 4 1.0 (29.4) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) 1.1 (29.4) sep 94 Nino 4 1.0 (29.3) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) 1.6 (29.7) oct 94 Nino 4 1.1 (29.4) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) 1.5 (29.6) nov 94 Nino 4 1.2 (29.5) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) 1.5 (29.8) Dec 94 Nino 4 1.3 (29.5) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) 1.9 (30.1) (the procedure for calculating the indices was changed at this point) Jan 95 Nino 4 1.1 (29.2) Feb 95 Nino 4 1.0 (29.0) Mar 95 Nino 4 0.2 (28.3) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (28.4) Apr 95 Nino 4 0.5 (28.8) Ship Track 6 0.5 (28.9) May 95 Nino 4 0.5 (29.1) Ship Track 6 0.5 (29.2) >From these figures you can see that 29 C was exceeded for most of the period covered, and for several months the temperature anomaly was greater than 1 C. >From here it would appear that the "global warming hypothesis" (your words not mine) has a lot going for it. > The idea that Acropora species are endangered by a combination of > factors that synergistically damage this genus is more convincing to me. For scientific or aesthetic reasons? > What about A reticularis and A hyacinthus in trhe Pacific? Judging by the figures above, I would imagine that they are in pretty bad shape. Anyone care to comment? > Bu the way, in Florida I am not so sure that A cervicornis is > threatened more than palmata, but no studies, just observation. Thanks to > all who posted on this subject. > > > Ray McAllister, Prof (Emeritus) Ocean Eng., FAU, Boca Raton, FL 33064 > Diving Dinosaur, Geologist/Oceanographer/Ocean Engineer, 43 years SCUBA > mcallist@gate.net (305) 426-0808, Author Diving Locations, Boynton/Dania > > > -- Hugh Easton From hendee@wave Thu Jun 22 13:48:04 1995 Date: Thu, 22 Jun 1995 13:48:03 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Coral Health and Monitoring List-Server Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: RO X-Status: Welcome to the Coral Health and Monitoring List-Server! The purpose of the Coral Health and Monitoring list-server is to provide a forum for Internet discussions and announcements pertaining to coral reef health and monitoring throughout the world. Appropriate subjects for discussion might include: o bleaching events o outbreaks of coral diseases o high predation on coral reefs o environmental monitoring sites o incidences of coral spawnings o shipwrecks on reefs o international meetings and symposia o funding opportunities o job openings in coral research o marine sanctuary news o new coral-related publications o announcements of college courses in coral reef ecology o coral health initiatives o new and historical data availability o controversial topics in coral reef ecology o recent reports on coral research o new coral-related journals -- To Subscribe to the List -- Since you just got this message, you are already subscribed to the list! 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The members may respond to you directly, or post their comments to the list for all to read. -- Help -- To see a list of the functions and services available from the list-server, send an e-mail message to majordomo@reef.aoml.erl.gov, with the following message (only!) in the body of the text: help -- Problems -- If you have any problems concerning the list, please feel free to drop a line to: hendee@aoml.erl.gov. We hope you enjoy the list! Sincerely yours, Jim Hendee Louis Florit Philippe Dubosq From hendee@wave Sun Jun 22 17:38:32 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id RAA03028; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 17:36:27 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id VAA17541; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 21:35:26 GMT Received: from aoml.erl.gov by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id RAA17536; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 17:35:23 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id RAA03012; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 17:35:19 -0400 Date: Thu, 22 Jun 1995 17:35:19 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: Herschel Hochman cc: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Re: remote sensing In-Reply-To: <199506222003.QAA10085@carbon.marine.usf.edu> Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: Yes, because we realize the importance of remote sensing, we have included daily AVHRR satellite images of the Florida Keys Nationall Marine Sanctuary region at our Coral Health and Monitoring Home Page, http://coral.aoml.erl.gov. We still need a little work on the color, but that should be corrected soon. Jim Hendee On Thu, 22 Jun 1995, Herschel Hochman wrote: > Date: Thu, 22 Jun 1995 16:03:45 -0400 > From: Herschel Hochman > To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov > Cc: val@carbon.marine.usf.edu > Subject: remote sensing > > An important topic and one which is may become a valued resource is > remote sensing as applied to reef ecology. As optical sensors become > more sophisticated and more spectral bands are added to the sensors, > satellites and airplane overflights will be able to detect > differences in patterns created by the changing reef as well as the > overlying water color. There is probably significant work going on > in this area as we speak. > > Herschel Hochman > From hendee@wave Sun Jun 22 22:01:00 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id VAA08182; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 21:56:29 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id BAA17918; Fri, 23 Jun 1995 01:55:14 GMT Received: from groper.jcu.edu.au by reef.aoml.erl.gov via SMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id VAA17913; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 21:55:10 -0400 From: brian_lassig@ccmail.gbrmpa.gov.au Received: from gbrmpa.gov.au (solwarra.gbrmpa.gov.au) by groper.jcu.edu.au with SMTP id AA22503 (5.67b/IDA-1.5 for ); Fri, 23 Jun 1995 11:55:03 +1000 Received: from ccmail.gbrmpa.gov.au by gbrmpa.gov.au (4.1/SMI-4.1) id AA27151; Fri, 23 Jun 95 11:56:44 +10 Received: from cc:Mail by ccmail.gbrmpa.gov.au id AA803871610 Fri, 23 Jun 95 11:40:10 EST Date: Fri, 23 Jun 95 11:40:10 EST Encoding: 962 Text Message-Id: <9505238038.AA803871610@ccmail.gbrmpa.gov.au> To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Crown-of-thorns Starfish Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: In the last 18 months I have received reports of increasing crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS) numbers on quite a few Indo-Pacific reefs from South Africa, Red Sea, Cocos (Keelings), northern Great Barrier Reef, Malaysia, Indonesia, Fiji, Phillipines, Solomons and Samoa. Most of the reports are qualitative, but a number of the population increases are sufficiently large to cause local concern and warrant control efforts by managers and tourism operators. The apparent synchrony of these population increases across oceanic scales is interesting in terms of outbreak causality. More detailed quantitative information on the current (and historical) status of COTS populations in the Indo-Pacific region would be extremely useful. Any such information gratefully received. Brian Lassig COTS Program Coordinator, GBRMPA brianl@gbrmpa.gov.au From hendee@wave Sun Jun 22 15:29:03 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id PAA29080; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 15:26:04 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id TAA17246; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 19:23:02 GMT Received: from bishop.bishop.Hawaii.Org by reef.aoml.erl.gov via SMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id PAA17241; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 15:22:59 -0400 Received: by bishop.bishop.Hawaii.Org (AIX 3.2/UCB 5.64/4.03) id AA13727; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 09:10:59 -1000 Date: Thu, 22 Jun 1995 09:08:01 +22305714 (HST) From: Pacific Science Assn Subject: Researchers Directory To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Message-Id: Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: A Update of Coral Reef Researchers Directory The Directory of Coral Reef Researchers of the Pacific is being updated to be world-wide in scope. The International Coral Reef Initiative and the South Pacific Regional Environment Programme are providing funds to support this effort. All researchers who have previously been contacted will receive a copy of the current entry for verification and e-mail address addition. Additional researchers will receive original questionnaires. Since questionnaires will be sent out in July and August of this year, a final draft is anticipated to be completed by the time of the International Coral Reef Symposium in Panama in June 1996. In addition, it is planned to have this directory on an internet gopher. For further information contact: L. G. Eldredge, Pacific Science Association, P.O. Box 17801, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817 [TEL (808) 848-4139; FAX (808) 847-8252; Internet: psa@bishop.bishop.hawaii.org] From hendee@wave Sun Jun 22 14:57:15 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id OAA28140; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 14:54:59 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id SAA17081; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 18:53:34 GMT Received: from aoml.erl.gov by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id OAA17076; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 14:53:30 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id OAA28009; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 14:53:28 -0400 Date: Thu, 22 Jun 1995 14:53:27 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: ENCORE Experiment Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: The following was received from Professor Tony Larkum (alark@extro.ucc.su.oz.au) for inclusion in the Coral Health and Monitoring List-Server: ============================================================== "ENCORE, The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment of Coral Reefs and the Programme of Prof Larkum (School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney). The amount of phosphorus and nitrogen pouring onto the Great Barrier Reef from rivers and drainage off the land is now ten fold what it was fifty years ago. The major source is intensive agriculture with lesser contributions from sewage effluent and industry/urbanisation. In other parts of the world coral reefs have been degraded by effluent from such sources. Nutrients are high on the list of agents which may have caused this effect. The conventional thinking is that natural algae grow faster in the presence of added nutrients (N+P) and that they then overgrow and smother the coral and other animals of a typical coral reef leading eventually to the disappearance of coral and the formation of an algal reef. There is no consensus at the moment that the increased levels of nutrient (N+P) on the Great Barrier Reef are at levels that may cause concern or even that nutrients are the causal agent in decline of coral reefs elsewhere, eg Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii; Philippines, Thailand. Nevertheless nutrients must be building up in the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon and this poses a potential threat to the GBR and its $1.4 billion contribution to the Gross Nationa Product. To answer the questions arising from the previous discussion an in situ reef fertilisation experiment is being undertaken on the Australian Great Barrier Reef (at One Tree Island), to investigate the response of coral reefs to nutrient enrichment. This experiment, known as ENCORE, was designed by Prof Larkum (University of Sydney) and Mr. Andy Steven (GBRMPA) to quantify the fate of nitrogen and phosphorus within a coral reef, and compare their impact on a variety of coral reef organisms. Coordinated by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville (GBRMPA), 30 scientists from 8 Australian and 3 overseas organisations are undertaking research encompassing cellular through to community level responses. This research will provide a scientific basis for developing appropriate water quality management strategies in coral reef environments, and may identify a number of sub-lethal indicators of nutrient stress. Nine robots have been built and deployed in natural shallow pools (microatolls) in the main lagoon at One Tree Reef. At each low tide these robots squirt a dose of pollution (N or P or N+P) into the pool. The following organisms are being studied in detail: a range of typical corals, clams, sponges, fish, bacteria, and algae. The results to the present time are surprising in that they show a direct effect on coral growth and reproduction and on the growth of clams. Most surprising is the lack of effect on the microscopic algae which are generally considered to feed the animals of the reef. It seems that under the conditions at One Tree (and maybe generally on coral reefs) they are not limited by nutrients. The rates of primary production that have been measured are at the upper range for any known alga and therefore it is likely that the algae are limited by inorganic carbon supply rather than by nutrients. Nutrient recycling within the epilithic algal community is probably adequate to supply the N and P needs of these algae. Addition of nutrients to these algae in tanks has not increased primary productivity. Protection of the algae from grazing has also not enhanced productivity - supporting the contention that the algae are limited by carbon supply. In the longer term the biomass and possibly the primary productivity are limited by grazing, particularly by grazing fish. However the levels of nutrients that have been discharged into the pools over the last year are very low. As a result it has been decided to treble the loading in 1995. Under these conditions (the same concentration as before but delivered in three injections 30 min apart) it is expected that there will be a response of the microscopic algae in the form of a community shift whereby certain green algae will dominate and grow excessively. However this has to be put to the test. Funding for ENCORE is at two levels. The GBRMPA (Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority) funds the infrastructure of the project and supports a minimal amount of research. Individual researchers are mainly dependent therefore on grants that they can attract from funding bodies. Prof. Larkum had an Australian Research Council grant for his work from 1992-94. Detailed Results on the algae to the present time The algae referred to as EAC are the epilithic algal community (which we study on year-old dead Porites blocks). These have shown no response in any of the experimental atolls to added nutrients. At first we thought that this was due to the effect of severe grazing, but we found the same effect when we caged the blocks for two weeks. We then thought that the levels of added nutrients might be so low that this was the reason for no effect. So we bathed the blocks in ten-fold nutrient concentrations for 24-48 hours. This was done both with our respirometers and the "Cheshire" respirometer. Still we got no effect. So we have to conclude that the EAC is not nutrient limited in the lagoon at One Tree. (We have repeated this at several seasons so it is not a seasonal effect -although Hatcher and Larkum 1983 did detect a small effect in Spring, and it is possible that this does occur and we missed it). No inhibition of growth of crustose coralline algae - Lithothamnion and Lithophyllum spp. has been found. My group has not been studying the macroalgae. These are not common inside the microatolls but do occur on the outside rims of the microatolls - particularly at the moment Laurencia spp. Ed Drew and Bill Dennison have been studying effects of nutrients on these. Bill claims to have found a definite stimulation of growth and Ed a non-statistical stimulation. Note that this update has concentrated on the free-living micro- and macro-algae. Of course, corals and many other animals of coral reefs, have symbiotic zooxanthellae. We are not studying these algae, but many other workers are and particularly Drs. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg and Assoc. Prof. D. Yellowlees of the ENCORE Project. In general past work seems to suggest that increased nitrogen causes an increased gowth of the zooxanthellae. This increased growth may adversely affect the growth of corals. Current research in the ENCORE Project is directed towards testing this hypothesis Reference. Larkum, A.W.D. and Steven, A.D.L 1994. ENCORE (The effect of nutrient enrichment on a coral reef). 1. Experimental design and research programme. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 29, 112-120 A.W.D. Larkum Professor of Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 tel (02) 351 2069 fax (02) 351 4771 email alark@extro.ucc.su.oz.au" Prof Tony Larkum Sydney University alark@extro.ucc.su.oz.au Ph (02) 692 2069 Fax (02) 692 4771 From hendee@wave Sat Jun 21 08:46:50 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id IAA26154 for <@WAVE.AOML.ERL.GOV:hendee@AOML.ERL.GOV>; Wed, 21 Jun 1995 08:46:50 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) id MAA13354; Wed, 21 Jun 1995 12:46:50 GMT Date: Wed, 21 Jun 1995 12:46:50 GMT Message-Id: <199506211246.MAA13354@reef.aoml.erl.gov> To: hendee@AOML.ERL.GOV From: majordomo@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Welcome to coral_reef_list Reply-To: majordomo@reef.aoml.erl.gov Status: RO X-Status: A -- Welcome to the coral_reef_list mailing list! If you ever want to remove yourself from this mailing list, you can send mail to "majordomo@reef.aoml.erl.gov" with the following command in the body of your email message: unsubscribe coral_reef_list "James C. Hendee" Here's the general information for the list you've subscribed to, in case you don't already have it: The Coral Reef Health and Monitoring Mailing List Server The purpose of the Coral Health and Monitoring project is to provide near-real time data products related to coral health to coral reef scientists and to the general public. This mailing list server is intended to allow individuals to participate in ongoing discussions, to ease the dissimination of relevant information through e-mail facilities. From hendee@wave Sun Jun 22 14:05:40 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id NAA26488; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 13:58:58 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id RAA16798; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 17:48:07 GMT Received: from aoml.erl.gov by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id NAA16793; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 13:48:05 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id NAA26234; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 13:48:03 -0400 Date: Thu, 22 Jun 1995 13:48:03 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Coral Health and Monitoring List-Server Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: Welcome to the Coral Health and Monitoring List-Server! The purpose of the Coral Health and Monitoring list-server is to provide a forum for Internet discussions and announcements pertaining to coral reef health and monitoring throughout the world. Appropriate subjects for discussion might include: o bleaching events o outbreaks of coral diseases o high predation on coral reefs o environmental monitoring sites o incidences of coral spawnings o shipwrecks on reefs o international meetings and symposia o funding opportunities o job openings in coral research o marine sanctuary news o new coral-related publications o announcements of college courses in coral reef ecology o coral health initiatives o new and historical data availability o controversial topics in coral reef ecology o recent reports on coral research o new coral-related journals -- To Subscribe to the List -- Since you just got this message, you are already subscribed to the list! 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The members may respond to you directly, or post their comments to the list for all to read. -- Help -- To see a list of the functions and services available from the list-server, send an e-mail message to majordomo@reef.aoml.erl.gov, with the following message (only!) in the body of the text: help -- Problems -- If you have any problems concerning the list, please feel free to drop a line to: hendee@aoml.erl.gov. We hope you enjoy the list! Sincerely yours, Jim Hendee Louis Florit Philippe Dubosq From hendee@wave Sun Jun 22 15:06:55 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id PAA28298; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 15:00:31 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id TAA17142; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 19:00:16 GMT Received: from aoml.erl.gov by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id PAA17137; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 15:00:14 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id PAA28289; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 15:00:12 -0400 Date: Thu, 22 Jun 1995 15:00:12 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Ocean Warming and Coral Health Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: The following was originally posted under the news group sci.geo.oceanography by Dr. Hugh Easton in response to Dr. Ray McAllister, and is re-posted here for information and comment. ============================================== In article mcallist@gate.net "Ray McAllister" writes: > Josh, your analysis is much more believable to me than the global warming > hypothesis. So far we have no definitive evidence for ocean warming and > may have to wait till ATOC to get anytrhing dependable. That is no longer true, at least according to an article, "Drying out the tropics", in the 6 May issue of New Scientist. Apparently there has been a recent shift in thinking among climatologists about the stability of tropical climates. More importantly for the purposes of our discussion, substantial warming has been measured in tropical oceans. "The 1980's were the warmest decade on record, and this was primarily because temperatures rose in the tropics. ... The tropical ocean temperatures were between 0.25 and 0.75 C warmer [from 1981 to 1990] compared with 1951 to 1980. Since 1976, the eastern tropical Pacific has been more than 0.5 C warmer than in the previous decades" I have also got some material which explains why high water temperatures adversely affect coral reefs: "Because reef-building corals are dependant on their plant partners, they need shallow, sunlit waters for photosynthesis to occur most rapidly. These conditions are also essential for the successful deposition of the corallite by the coral polyp. The optimum temperature for this to take place is between 26 C and 27 C (79 F and 81 F). Once the temperature falls below 23 C (73 F) or rises above 29 C (84 F), the rate of calcification rapidly decreases and the forces of erosion overwhelm those of growth and repair. Prolonged temperature changes therefore spell doom for a reef. ... There is another ominous threat to reefs connected with rising sea temperatures that has recently come to light. Coral colonies have been known to occasionally lose their zooxanthellae. The ability of the zooxanthellae to produce oxygen by photosynthesis increases with temperature. It appears that if the zooxanthellae produce too much oxygen during photosynthesis, then toxic by-products result that are damaging to the tissues of the coral polyp. Thus, the zooxanthellae may be lost through the damaged wall of the polyp back into the ocean. The coral colony turns brilliant white as it now lacks any pigmentation. The process is known as coral bleaching. Close inspection of a bleached coral colony at night will reveal that coral polyps are still present, but transparent. Such a coral may recover by obtaining new zooxanthellae from the surrounding water but it is more likely, however, that it will die. Outbreaks of coral bleaching have been recorded world-wide and cover enormous tracts of reef. At least three major occurrances since 1979 have been reported by researchers. Particularly alarming is the fact that episodes of bleaching coincide with either the hottest season for that area, or unusually hot conditions due to other factors." - Reef, pp 31 & 58-59, Jeremy Stafford-Deitsch, Headline 1991. So unusually high temperatures have two effects on corals. At temperatures above 29 C corals growth is no longer fast enough to keep up with erosion, and at temperatures substantially higher than the coral is used to, oxygen damage and coral bleaching occur. Recent research has confirmed that high water temperatures are the primary cause of coral bleaching: "Major outbreaks of "bleaching" of coral reefs in the past decade were almost always caused by unusually high sea temperatures, probably linked to global warming, according to the first global study of the phenomenon. ... Goreau, who is president of the Global Coral Reef Alliance, and his colleague, Raymond Hayes, former chairman of marine sciences at the University of the Virgin Islands, discerned a rising tide of coral bleaching between 1983 and 1991. They compared its incidence with satellite data on average ocean temperatures (Ambio, vol 23, p176). In 1983, coral was bleached throughout the Pacific, from the Java Sea to Costa Rica. Bleaching was widespread in the Caribbean in 1987, and recurred every year until 1990 - a year of record temperatures and bleaching in the Gulf region of Oman. Bleaching was again widespread in the Pacific in 1991, from Thailand to Polynesia. Bleaching occurs in all waters, from the warmest that can sustain coral reefs to the coldest. Goreau and Hayes found that the effect is triggered not by any specific temperature, but by anomalous warming locally. Bleaching invariably followed the warmest period ever recorded in an area. The threshold appeared to be a monthly mean more than 1 C higher than the long-term average. "Above [that temperature] bleaching always took place," say the researchers, "and below it did not." Most bleaching in the Pacific occurred in 1983, 1987 and 1991, when changes in ocean circulation - known as El Nino events - caused warmer water than usual to spread across the tropical Pacific. However, El Nino is unlikely to have caused the bleaching in the Caribbean, where the two researchers say that a strong warming trend persisted throughout the 1980s." - A paler shade of coral... New Scientist 11/6/94, p19. I have been collecting the CAC ENSO indices for the last year and a bit. These include the monthly average temperatures for various sectors of the Pacific. Here are the Nino 4 and Ship Track 6 figures which refer to temperatures in the equatorial Pacific. Anomaly SST(C) mar 94 Nino 4 0.2 (28.3) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (28.4) apr 94 Nino 4 0.3 (28.6) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (28.5) may 94 Nino 4 0.6 (29.1) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (29.0) Jun 94 Nino 4 0.6 (29.1) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (29.0) Jul 94 Nino 4 1.0 (29.4) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (29.3) Aug 94 Nino 4 1.0 (29.4) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) 1.1 (29.4) sep 94 Nino 4 1.0 (29.3) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) 1.6 (29.7) oct 94 Nino 4 1.1 (29.4) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) 1.5 (29.6) nov 94 Nino 4 1.2 (29.5) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) 1.5 (29.8) Dec 94 Nino 4 1.3 (29.5) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) 1.9 (30.1) (the procedure for calculating the indices was changed at this point) Jan 95 Nino 4 1.1 (29.2) Feb 95 Nino 4 1.0 (29.0) Mar 95 Nino 4 0.2 (28.3) Ship Track 6 (Hawaii-Fiji) (28.4) Apr 95 Nino 4 0.5 (28.8) Ship Track 6 0.5 (28.9) May 95 Nino 4 0.5 (29.1) Ship Track 6 0.5 (29.2) >From these figures you can see that 29 C was exceeded for most of the period covered, and for several months the temperature anomaly was greater than 1 C. >From here it would appear that the "global warming hypothesis" (your words not mine) has a lot going for it. > The idea that Acropora species are endangered by a combination of > factors that synergistically damage this genus is more convincing to me. For scientific or aesthetic reasons? > What about A reticularis and A hyacinthus in trhe Pacific? Judging by the figures above, I would imagine that they are in pretty bad shape. Anyone care to comment? > Bu the way, in Florida I am not so sure that A cervicornis is > threatened more than palmata, but no studies, just observation. Thanks to > all who posted on this subject. > > > Ray McAllister, Prof (Emeritus) Ocean Eng., FAU, Boca Raton, FL 33064 > Diving Dinosaur, Geologist/Oceanographer/Ocean Engineer, 43 years SCUBA > mcallist@gate.net (305) 426-0808, Author Diving Locations, Boynton/Dania > > > -- Hugh Easton From hendee@wave Sun Jun 22 15:08:54 1995 Received: from localhost (florit@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id PAA28520; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 15:08:53 - 0400 Date: Thu, 22 Jun 1995 15:08:53 -0400 (EDT) From: Louis Florit To: "James C. Hendee" cc: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: replying to keep the discussion going In-Reply-To: Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: RO X-Status: As a side note to all the coral-list subscribers- When you reply to a post, reply to all recipients, so that all the list also gets the reply and others can comment on your post. Lou Louis Florit Tel: (305)361-4293 U.S. Department of Commerce NOAA / AOML 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway Miami, FL 33149 From hendee@wave Sun Jun 22 16:05:37 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id QAA00217; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 16:04:23 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id UAA17303; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 20:03:14 GMT Received: from carbon.marine.usf.edu by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id QAA17298; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 16:03:11 -0400 Received: (val@localhost) by carbon.marine.usf.edu (8.6.10/8.6.5) id QAA10085; Thu, 22 Jun 1995 16:03:45 -0400 Date: Thu, 22 Jun 1995 16:03:45 -0400 From: Herschel Hochman Message-Id: <199506222003.QAA10085@carbon.marine.usf.edu> To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: remote sensing Cc: val@carbon.marine.usf.edu Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: A An important topic and one which is may become a valued resource is remote sensing as applied to reef ecology. As optical sensors become more sophisticated and more spectral bands are added to the sensors, satellites and airplane overflights will be able to detect differences in patterns created by the changing reef as well as the overlying water color. There is probably significant work going on in this area as we speak. Herschel Hochman From hendee@wave Mon Jun 23 11:35:39 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id LAA13224; Fri, 23 Jun 1995 11:32:45 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id PAA18844; Fri, 23 Jun 1995 15:30:53 GMT Received: from aoml.erl.gov by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id LAA18839; Fri, 23 Jun 1995 11:30:45 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id LAA13150; Fri, 23 Jun 1995 11:30:43 - 0400 Date: Fri, 23 Jun 1995 11:30:42 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Daily C-MAN data availability Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: Meteorlogical and oceanographic data are now available daily from the National Data Buoy Center's C-MAN (Coastal-Marine Automated Network) stations in the Florida Keys, via our Coral Health and Monitoring Home Page at: (http://coral.aoml.erl.gov) The data will be posted at approximately 4:45 am EST (USA) every morning, and will contain data for every hour on the hour, for the previous 72 hours. The sites covered are: Fowey Rocks Molasses Reef Sombrero Key Long Key Sand Key Dry Tortugas The C-MAN bulletins have the most common parameters listed; however, we will soon be re-configuring the bulletins to include more data, for instance, relative tide level. The Florida Keys C-MAN buoys have been enhanced for oceanographic data collection (salinity, sea temperatures at different depths, and photosynthetically active radiation) by the Florida Institute of Oceanography (FIO). Standard meteorological parameters measured inlcude air temperature, wind speed and direction, wind gusts, and barometric pressure. These sites are maintained by Chris Humphrey and John Dotten at FIO's Keys Marine Laboratory on Long Key in the Florida Keys. You may contact them directly at (305) 664-9101, if you wish more information concerning the C-MAN stations. Other sites posted are: Conch Reef Wave Buoy (in the Florida Keys) Settlement Point, Grand Bahama Island Micronesia (Eniwetok, Kosrea, Mili and Ulithi Atoll) Please be advised that these oceanographic data are PREMLIMINARY data and have not been screened for accuracy. NOAA and FIO can not be held liable for use of these data in a manner other than for perusal of preliminary oceanographic data for scientific research on coral reefs. Historical data from the C-MAN stations will soon be made available. If you have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me. Many thanks for your interest. Jim Hendee +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ | James C. Hendee | Internet: hendee@aoml.erl.gov | | Coral Health and | | | Monitoring Program | Voice: 305 361-4380 | | Ocean Chemistry Division | Fax: 305 361-4582 | | NOAA/AOML | COASTAL RBBS: 305 361-4524 | | 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway | | | Miami, FL 33149-1026 | http://coral.aoml.erl.gov | +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ From hendee@wave Mon Jun 23 17:16:05 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id RAA23866; Fri, 23 Jun 1995 17:14:19 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id VAA20035; Fri, 23 Jun 1995 21:09:21 GMT Received: from aoml.erl.gov by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id RAA20030; Fri, 23 Jun 1995 17:09:18 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id RAA22540; Fri, 23 Jun 1995 17:09:15 - 0400 Date: Fri, 23 Jun 1995 17:09:14 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Lowered salinity in Florida Bay Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: Those of you studying the influence of high salinity and high temperature water from Florida Bay on the survival of coral reefs along the Florida Straits may find it interesting to follow the salinities and temperatures reported from the Long Key C-MAN station (the only station in Florida Bay) and those on the oceanic side of the Florida Keys, such as Molasses Reef, Sombrero Reef, Sand Key and Dry Tortugas over the next couple of days. There has been over 11 inches of rain fallen over south Florida, the Everglades and Florida Bay over the last 72 hours, and the salinities have dropped in Florida Bay correspondingly. There may be a drop in salinities on the oceanic side, maybe not. Any unusual biological events witnessed by divers, boaters or scientists (!) in the area would be of value. Current C-MAN postings may be followed at http://coral.aoml.erl.gov/cman/cman_menu.html if you're interested. Historical oceanographic data for the region will be available soon. These data will contain, for some stations, salinities and temperatures at 1 meter, 2 meters and 3 meters deep. Jim Hendee (hendee@coral.aoml.erl.gov) From hendee@wave Mon Jun 23 17:07:42 1995 Received: from uog9.uog.edu (UOG9.UOG.EDU [192.149.202.9]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with SMTP id RAA22128 for ; Fri, 23 Jun 1995 17:07:39 -0400 Received: by uog9.uog.edu (5.65/DEC-Ultrix/4.3) id AA06701; Sat, 24 Jun 1995 07:12:18 GMT Date: Sat, 24 Jun 1995 07:12:17 +0000 (WET) From: Charles Evans Birkeland Subject: Re: Coral Health and Monitoring List-Server To: "James C. Hendee" In-Reply-To: Message-Id: Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: RO X-Status: A Dear Dr. Hendee: Thanks for including me on your mailing list. I am sharing all the ino with my colleagues at the marine lab in Guam. Sincerely, Chuck Birkeland From hendee@wave Thu Jun 26 10:45:16 1995 Received: from seas.marine.usf.edu (jogden@seas.marine.usf.edu [198.116.54.30]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id KAA23305 for ; Mon, 26 Jun 1995 10:45:15 -0400 Received: (from jogden@localhost) by seas.marine.usf.edu (8.6.11/8.6.11) id KAA02777; Mon, 26 Jun 1995 10:48:31 -0400 Date: Mon, 26 Jun 1995 10:48:31 -0400 (EDT) From: John Ogden To: "James C. Hendee" cc: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov, Dean Milliken , Sandy Vargo Subject: Re: Lowered salinity in Florida Bay In-Reply-To: Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Status: RO X-Status: A All of you who find the data from the Keys C-MAN stations useful, please let us know. We are in an end game to save the stations and need all of the arguments that we can muster. John C. Ogden Director Phone: 813/893-9100 Florida Institute of Oceanography Fax: 813/893-9109 830 First Street South St. Petersburg, Florida 33701 From hendee@wave Sat Jun 28 07:52:59 1995 Received: from coral.aoml.erl.gov (coral.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.19]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with SMTP id HAA02728 for ; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 07:52:59 -0400 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov by coral.aoml.erl.gov via SMTP (931110.SGI/930416.SGI) for hendee@wave.aoml.erl.gov id AA01843; Wed, 28 Jun 95 07:52:59 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id LAA25841; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 11:50:59 GMT Received: from aoml.erl.gov by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id HAA25836; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 07:50:57 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id HAA02582; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 07:50:55 -0400 Date: Wed, 28 Jun 1995 07:50:55 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Coral Health Abstracts Message-Id: Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: Greetings, Perci Greenberg has re-constructed our Coral Health literature abstracts compendium to include indexing by subject (e.g., coral bleaching, black-band disease, etc.), as well as by author. You may visit the page at URL: http://coral.aoml.erl.gov/bib/abstracts2.html if you're interested. Please note that we need to update the abstracts for more recent literature, so if you have published any papers on coral health and would like your abstracts cited, please forward them to us at your convenience. Many thanks. Sincerely yours, Jim Hendee +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ | James C. Hendee | Internet: hendee@aoml.erl.gov | | Coral Health and | | | Monitoring Program | Voice: 305 361-4380 | | Ocean Chemistry Division | Fax: 305 361-4582 | | NOAA/AOML | COASTAL RBBS: 305 361-4524 | | 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway | | | Miami, FL 33149-1026 | http://coral.aoml.erl.gov | +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ From hendee@manoa Sat Jun 28 10:07:19 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id KAA06276; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 10:02:23 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id OAA26121; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 14:01:32 GMT Received: from is1.hk.super.net by reef.aoml.erl.gov via SMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id KAA26116; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 10:01:25 -0400 From: gregorh@hk.super.net Received: from 202.64.10.2 (slip145.hk.super.net) by is1.hk.super.net with SMTP id AA02254 (5.67b/IDA-1.5 for ); Wed, 28 Jun 1995 22:01:13 +0800 Date: Wed, 28 Jun 1995 22:01:13 +0800 Message-Id: <199506281401.AA02254@is1.hk.super.net> Subject: Another unusual year in Asia To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov X-Mailer: AIR Mail 3.X (SPRY, Inc.) Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: Last year in Hong Kong and southern China, we had a 100 year record rainfall and flooding of the Pearl River. Through a complex pathway, this resulted in a major hypoxia event that killed most hard corals below about 3 m depth in coastal embayments. The documented area affected exceeds 200 sq kilometres. This summer, we have had a 100 year record dry May. The lack of clouds and rain has undoubtedly helped to warm up the sea in this part of Asia. Large sharks, very uncommon in Hong Kong, have come in close to shore and there have been three fatal shark attacks within two weeks. The southwest monsoon rains have finally arrived and it will be interesting to see if we have a repeat hypoxia and mass mortality event again in July. Gregor Hodgson Binnie Consultants Ltd Hong Kong Fax (852) 2601-3331 e-mail gregorh@hk.super.net From hendee@wave Sat Jun 28 15:45:41 1995 Received: from manoa (manoa.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.3]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with SMTP id PAA06257 for ; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 15:45:41 -0400 From: aszmant@rsmas.miami.edu Received: from umigw.rsmas.miami.edu by manoa; (5.65/1.1.8.2/04Nov94-8.2MPM) id AA01322; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 15:45:42 -0400 Received: from aszmant.rsmas.miami.edu (aszmant.rsmas.miami.edu [129.171.104.19]) by umigw.miami.edu (8.6.10/8.6.9) with SMTP id PAA23881 for ; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 15:45:40 -0400 Date: Wed, 28 Jun 1995 15:45:40 -0400 Message-Id: <199506281945.PAA23881@umigw.miami.edu> X-Sender: szmant@oj.rsmas.miami.edu X-Mailer: Windows Eudora Version 1.4.4 Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" To: "James C. Hendee" Subject: PAR data Status: RO X-Status: A Jim: Thanks for your help with the PAR data. Is there anything we can do to help get it together? I have a question about the units of measurement of the PAR (surface) data that are included in the in your page C-man data sets: the values seem low if they are uEin /m2/sec (full sunlight is >2000 with a flat cosine collector). Do you know what kind of sensor they are (spherical or cosine; sperical values are usually even higher than cosine) and whether the units are in quanta, Watts etc? Again, thanks, Alina ***************************************************************** Dr. Alina M. Szmant RSMAS-MBF, University of Miami 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy. Miami FL 33149 Tel: (305)361-4609 FAX: (305)361-4600 e-mail: ASZMANT@RSMAS.MIAMI.EDU **************************************************************** From hendee@wave Sat Jun 28 17:39:44 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id RAA09125; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 17:38:04 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id VAA26859; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 21:34:23 GMT Received: from noc.belwue.de by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id RAA26854; Wed, 28 Jun 1995 17:34:12 -0400 Received: from [129.69.31.31] (rusxppp31.rus.uni-stuttgart.de [129.69.31.31]) by noc.belwue.de with SMTP id XAA24847 (8.6.12/IDA-1.6 for ); Wed, 28 Jun 1995 23:33:59 +0200 Date: Wed, 28 Jun 1995 23:33:59 +0200 X-Sender: iaal@po.uni-stuttgart.de (Unverified) Message-Id: Mime-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="us-ascii" To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov From: reinhold.leinfelder@po.uni-stuttgart.de (Reinhold Leinfelder) Subject: Reefs and Silics Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: CALL FOR PRESENTATION ON EFFECTS/ECOLOGIC ADAPTIONS OF REEF ORGANISMS TO TERRIGENEOUS INFLUX AT 'REEFS AND SILICS' ON OCCASION OF THE 8TH ICRS IN PANAMA 96 All of you are aware of the 8th ICRS next June in Panama. Some of you might have noticed that Bob Ginsburg and myself are preparing a session/subsymposium on "Reefs and Carbonate Platforms within Siliciclastic Settings. Modern and Ancient" on this occasion. We are trying to integrate geological and ecological aspects as well as linking ancient and modern examples. Response for our call for presentations was great regarding modern case studies in a more geological context. We could need some additional examples on fossil counterparts as well as on ECOLOGIC STUDIES ON MODERN OR ANCIENT REEF ORGANISMS. How do the corals and other organisms react on elevated sedimentation rates, elevated nutrients? In which way do communities shift? Would anything of this be noticeable in the fossil record (functional morphology?). To our knowledge, Hubbard 1973 and Hubbard & Pocock 1972, are still the most frequently cited publications. We are however certain that a lot of additional information particularly among reef biologists is available. Biologists, how about contributing with your knowledge to the better understanding of both modern and ancient reefs? If you are ready to present a poster or talk at the "reef and silics" session, please contact one of us at your earliest convenience. Reinhold Leinfelder, Stuttgart, Germany Robert Ginsburg, Miami, USA ******************************************* Reinhold Leinfelder Institut fuer Geologie und Palaeontologie der Universitaet Stuttgart Herdweg 51 D-70174 Stuttgart, Germany e-mail: reinhold.leinfelder@po.uni-stuttgart.de phone: ++49-711-1211340 fax: ++49-711-1211341 From hendee@wave Sun Jun 29 08:34:52 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id IAA15759; Thu, 29 Jun 1995 08:32:07 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id MAA27748; Thu, 29 Jun 1995 12:30:29 GMT Received: from aoml.erl.gov by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id IAA27743; Thu, 29 Jun 1995 08:30:26 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id IAA15731; Thu, 29 Jun 1995 08:30:25 - 0400 Date: Thu, 29 Jun 1995 08:30:24 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Coral Reef Research Institue Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: The following was forwarded to me from Dr. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg for inclusion in the Coral Health and Monitoring list-server. ====================== Dear James, We have just formed the Coral Reef Research Institute at the University of Sydney. The aim of this research institute is to link up university and allied researchers into a framework that can provide support and direction to programs specifically aimed at helping promoting research, education andawareness of problems facing coral reefs worldwide. The primary focus of this institute in the beginning will be southern Great Barrier Reef and western Pacific coral reef realms but it is hoped that the CRRI will be ableto link with international efforts such as yours. If you have any questions, please contact me immediately. Regards, Ove RESEARCH INSTITUTE LAUNCHED TO SECURE FUTURE OF CORAL REEFS Sydney, NSW, Monday July 3, 1995 University of Sydney, in association with the Central Queensland University, will launch the Coral Reef Research Institute (CRRI). This new institute is aimed at promoting education, research and conservation of coral reefs and will be launched during the opening of the annual Australian Marine Science Association meetings at University of Technology, Sydney on Monday, July 3. Renown diver, photographer and marine conservationist, Valorie Taylor, will offcially launch the new institute. The new institute has attracted some major scientists and scholars to its advisory council such as Sir David Attenborough, Robyn Williams, Professor Frank Talbot and Professor Michael Pitman (Chief Scientist of Australia), and is borne of concern for the declining health of the world's coral reefs. Increased nutrient levels and sediments in the waters surrounding coral reefs have been identified as major contributors to the decline of coral reefs. One of the prinicple assets of the new institute is the One Tree Island Research Station located at the southern end of the Great Barrier Reef. This research station along with its sister stations on Lizard, Heron and Orpheus Islands has played a key role in identifying the problems and solutions to the management of coral reefs. The effective management of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park has been reliant on quantifiable scientific evidence. Over the past 30 or so years, much of this valuable research has been undertaken on One Tree Island. One Tree Island Research Station is the only research facility that is wholly located within an exclusive Scientific Research Zone. This means its has vital significance as a sentinel of coral reef change occurring as a result of reef-associated human activities. The Coral Reef Research Instiute will develop and expand this role and is expected to play a leading position in helping to preserve coral reefs, along with GBRMPA, the Australian Institute for Marine Scientists and the Cooperative Research Centre for Ecological Sustainable Development of the Great Barrier Reef in Townsville. Although the new institute has the key support of people such as Sir David Attenborough and Robyn Williams, it is hoping to attract some major sponsors to help pursue its important agenda. ******************** For further information please contact: The University of Sydney - Coral Reef Research Institute Director - Dr. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg - (02) 351-2389, email oveh@bio.usyd.edu.au One Tree Island Deputy Director - Dr. Mike Kingsford - (02) 351 2440 CRRI administration assistant, Brigid McKay - (02) 351-5636, Fax: (02) 351-4119 ------------------------------------------------------------------------- Ove Hoegh-Guldberg Ph: (02) 351-2389 School of Biological Sciences Fax: (02) 351-4119 Building A08 Country code Australia = 61 University of Sydney 2006 NSW Australia ------------------------------------------------------------------------- From hendee@wave Sun Jun 29 12:26:54 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) with ESMTP id MAA22289; Thu, 29 Jun 1995 12:20:49 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id QAA28358; Thu, 29 Jun 1995 16:19:26 GMT Received: from aoml.erl.gov by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id MAA28353; Thu, 29 Jun 1995 12:19:23 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.5/8.6.4) id MAA22267; Thu, 29 Jun 1995 12:19:21 -0400 Date: Thu, 29 Jun 1995 12:19:21 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Molasses Reef historical data Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: National Data Buoy Center quality controlled historical data files for Molasses Reef in the Florida Keys are available for the following dates via our World-Wide Web site at http://coral.aoml.erl.gov/cman/cman_menu.html : Dec 4, 1987 to Dec 31, 1987 Jan 1, 1988 to May 31, 1988 Jun 1, 1988 to Dec 31, 1988 Jan 1, 1989 to Jun 30, 1989 Jul 1, 1989 to Dec 31, 1989 Jan 1, 1990 to Mar 31, 1990 Apr 1, 1990 to Dec 31, 1990 Jan 1, 1991 to Feb 28, 1991 The data represented are barometric pressure, air temperature, sea temperature, wind speed, wind direction, and wind gusts every hour, on the hour, every day. We hope to have historical oceanographic data (other than sea temperature) available from the Florida Institute of Oceanography sensors soon, as well as more recently measured data. Jim Hendee hendee@aoml.erl.gov From hendee@wave Thu Jul 10 10:03:13 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.10/8.6.4) with ESMTP id JAA03863; Mon, 10 Jul 1995 09:56:02 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id NAA17870; Mon, 10 Jul 1995 13:46:44 GMT Received: from aoml.erl.gov by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI.AUTO) for id JAA17865; Mon, 10 Jul 1995 09:46:41 -0400 Received: from localhost (hendee@localhost) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.10/8.6.4) id JAA03635; Mon, 10 Jul 1995 09:46:37 -0400 Date: Mon, 10 Jul 1995 09:46:37 -0400 (EDT) From: "James C. Hendee" To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: New abstracts Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: I am hoping that circulating new abstracts of coral health research will help keep list members abreast of current research. If you object to this, please let me know. If you have abstracts that are not on our Literatures Abstracts page, and would like them included, please drop a line. If you can send an e-mail message with the information, that would be much more easier to work with than a printed copy. Following are two new abstracts added to the CH&M World-Wide Web Home Page. Sincerely yours, Jim Hendee +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ | James C. Hendee | Internet: hendee@aoml.erl.gov | | Coral Health and | | | Monitoring Program | Voice: 305 361-4380 | | Ocean Chemistry Division | Fax: 305 361-4582 | | NOAA/AOML | COASTAL RBBS: 305 361-4524 | | 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway | | | Miami, FL 33149-1026 | http://coral.aoml.erl.gov | +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~+ ======= Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1994. The uptake of dissolved organic matter by the larval stages of the crown-of-thorns starfish Acanthaster planci. Marine Biology 120:55-63. ABSTRACT. The life-history of the crown-of-thorns starfish (Acanthaster planci) includes a planktotrophic larva that is capable of feeding on particulate food. It has been proposed, however, that particulate food (e.g. microalgae) is scarce in tropical water columns relative to the nutritional requirements of the larvae of A. planci, and that periodic shortages of food play an important role in the biology of this species. It has been also proposed that non-particulate sources of nutrition (e.g. dissolved organic matter, DOM) may fuel part of the nutritional requirements of the larval development of A. planci as well. The present study addresses the ability of A. planci larvae to take up several DOM species and compares rates of DOM uptake to the energy requirements of the larvae. Substrates transported in this study have been previously reported to be transported by larval asteroids from temperate and antarctic waters. Transport rates (per larval A. planci) increased steadily during larval development and some substrates had among the highest mass-specific transport rates ever reported for invertebrate larvae. Transport rates for alanine increased from 15.5 pmol larva-1h-1 (13.2 pmol mg-1h-1) for gastrulas (Jinmax = 38.7 pmol larva-1h-1 or 47.4 pmol mg-1h-1 ) to 35.0 pmol larva-1h-1 (13.1 pmol mg-1h-1) for early brachiolaria (Jinmax just prior to settlement = 350.0 pmol larva-1h-1 or 161.1 pmol mg-1h-1) at 1 mM substrate concentrations. The instantaneous metabolic demand for substrates by gastrula, bipinnaria and brachiolaria stage larvae could be completely satisfied by alanine concentrations of 11 mM, 1.6 mM and 0.8 mM respectively. Similar rates were measured in this study for the essential amino acid leucine, with rates increasing from 11.0 pmol larva-1h-1 (or 9.4 pmol 5g-1h-1) for gastrulas (Jinmax = 110.5 pmol larva-1h-1 or 94.4 pmol 5g-1h-1) to 34.0 pmol larva-1h-1 (or 13.0 pmol mg-1h-1) for late brachiolaria (Jinmax = 288.9 pmol larva-1h-1 or 110.3 pmol 5g-1h-1) at 1 mM substrate concentrations. The essential amino acid histidine was transported at lower rates (1.6 pmol 5g-1h-1 at 1 mM for late brachiolaria). Calculation of the energy contribution of the transported species revealed that larvae of A. planci can potentially satisfy 0.6 %, 18.7%, 29.9% and 3.3% of their total energy requirements (instantaneous energy demand plus energy added to larvae as biomass) during embryonic and larval development from external concentrations of 1 mM of glucose, alanine, leucine and histidine respectively. These data demonstrate that a relatively minor component of the DOM pool in seawater (DFAA) can potentially provide significant amounts of energy for the growth and development of A. planci during larval development. ------------- Hoegh-Guldberg, O. 1994. The population dynamics of symbiotic zooxanthellae in the coral Pocillopora damicornis exposed to elevated ammonia. J. Pacific Science 48: 263-272. ABSTRACT The division synchrony and growth rate of symbiotic zooxanthellae was investigated for populations living in colonies of the reef-building coral Pocillopora damicornis exposed to different concentrations of NH4Cl in seawater. The presence of low concentrations of NH4Cl (0.2 5M) did not affect (compared to corals growing in NH4+-stripped seawater) either division synchrony or growth rate. Exposure to higher concentrations of NH4Cl (20 mM or 50 5M), however, affected the population dynamics of the zooxanthellae residing in P. damicornis. Zooxanthellae in corals exposed to 20 5M NH4Cl had mitotic indices (the percentage of the total cells dividing) that were two to three times higher than the mitotic indices of zooxanthellae in control (0.2 5M) corals. Although the division of zooxanthellae was still phased in corals exposed to 20 5M NH4Cl, there were many more cells dividing out of phase as compared to control corals. The division of zooxanthellae in corals exposed to 50 5M was not phased. The calculated growth rates of zooxanthellae exposed to 20 5M or 50 5M NH4Cl were higher than those representative of zooxanthellae living in control corals, although the growth rate of both carbon and nitrogen pools were lower in 50 5M as compared to 20 5M NH4Cl. These data support the conclusion that the population dynamics of symbiotic zooxanthellae within P. damicornis are affected by concentrations of NH4Cl in seawater that are equal to or higher than 20 5M, and that 50 5M NH4Cl concentrations may be toxic to some extent. These data taken in isolation, however, do not constitute an effective test of the hypothesis that zooxanthellae are limited by the supply of NH4Cl under ambient conditions, and further emphasize the importance of enrichment studies concentrating on growth and nitrogen incorporation rates measured for the entire symbiotic association. From hendee@wave Thu Jul 10 12:04:40 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.10/8.6.4) with ESMTP id LAA07557; Mon, 10 Jul 1995 11:55:08 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id PAA00838; Mon, 10 Jul 1995 15:52:16 GMT Received: from coral.aoml.erl.gov by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for id LAA00833; Mon, 10 Jul 1995 11:52:14 -0400 Received: by coral.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) id LAA29412; Mon, 10 Jul 1995 11:52:12 -0400 Date: Mon, 10 Jul 1995 11:52:12 +30000 From: Coral Health and Monitoring Program To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: Two new coral bleaching abstracts Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: Following are two new coral bleaching abstracts added to the CH&M WWW site: Gleeson, M.W. and A. E. Strong, 1995: Applying MCSST to coral reef bleaching, Adv. Space. Res., 16[10]: 151-154. ABSTRACT In the 1980s and early 1990s, coral reef bleaching events of unprecedented frequency and global extent were observed. Elevated water temperature is suspected as the primary causal stress of mass bleaching events from this period. The relationship between sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and coral bleaching events was investigated using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Multi-Channel Sea Surface Temperature (MCSST) satellite imagery from 1982-1992. Nighttime MCSST weekly averages were compared with moored-buoy temperatures for sea-truthing the satellite. Average errors from 11 individual buoy comparisons throughout the tropics were found to be approximately 0.5C. Confirmed satellite SST data were applied to bleaching events at Bermuda (1988, 1991), Tahiti (1984, 1987, 1991), and Jamaica (1987, 1989, 1990), with a non- bleached site off Belize selected as control. MCSST data showed elevated SSTs coincided with bleaching events both in onset and duration. Bleaching thresholds were developed. An MCSST Degree Heating Weeks (DHW) bleaching index was developed for the Belizean and Jamaican reef sites. A cumulative heating stress of 26 DHW is proposed as the threshold for mass reef bleaching at Belize and Jamaica. ========= Montgomery, R.S. and A.E. Strong, 1994: Coral Bleaching Threatens Ocean, Life. EOS 75[13]: 145-147. ABSTRACT [Intro] People around the world depend on the resources provided by the ocean to support life. But global-scale damage to the coral reefs, a large and integral part of the ocean environment that supports a variety of sea life, is a frightening scenario that may unfold in the coming years. Recently, a phenomenon called coral bleaching has raised concerns about the deteriorating conditions in the world's oceans and the implications for life on our planet. Coral bleaching occurs as coral tissue expels zooxanthellae, a symbiotic algae that resides in the structure of the coral and is essential to its survival. The widespread nature of the bleaching threatens the state of the environment. The zooxanthellae, besides giving color to the otherwise white coral skeleton, produce carbon compounds that nourish the coral. In return, the coral provides the algae with a home inside its skeletal structure and nitrogen and phosphorous, which are essential for its survival [Brown and Ogden, 1993.]. This delicate symbiosis can be disrupted by several factors, and this causes the coral to expel the algae. Disturbances such as extremes of temperature, hypersalinity, pollutants in the water, or changes in radiation flux cause coral bleaching. The correlation between high water temperatures and coral bleaching is of acute concern. In the 1980s, many reefs including those near Easter Island, the Great Barrier Reef, and the coasts of Central America showed signs of bleaching. More nottceable events occurred in 1983 near Panama and in 1987-1988 in the Caribbean [Ghiild, 1990]. The Panama event is connected with the 1982-1983 El Nino, which raised water temperatures in the area to above 29C. The Caribbean event, which lasted for 9 months, was associated with widespread bleaching in the reefs off Jamaica. Water temperatures in the area were above 30C at the peak of the bleaching. This event in particular raised concerns about a possible link between coral bleaching, rising water temperatures, and global warming [Goreau et al., 1993]. The possibility that a recent warming trend in the world's oceans is responsible for the recent bleaching events merits further inquiry. Evidence favoring this hypothesis exists in oceanic and atmospheric physical data, but until such evidence is examined with known bleaching events, conclusions cannot be made. From hendee@wave Thu Jul 10 11:43:50 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.10/8.6.4) with ESMTP id LAA06793; Mon, 10 Jul 1995 11:31:23 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id PAA19193; Mon, 10 Jul 1995 15:28:23 GMT Received: from mailserv.uni-tuebingen.de by reef.aoml.erl.gov via SMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for id LAA18820; Mon, 10 Jul 1995 11:28:12 -0400 Received: from [9.48.2.134] (actually gppc07.gpi.geowissenschaften.uni-tuebingen.de) by mailserv.uni-tuebingen.de with SMTP (PP); Mon, 10 Jul 1995 17:15:29 +0000 Date: Mon, 10 Jul 1995 17:08:19 PDT From: James Nebelsick Subject: panama-taphonomy To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov X-Warning: UNAuthenticated Sender Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: I am organizing a symposium for the forthcoming 8th International Coral Reef Symposium in Panama City, Panama, from the 24-29th of June 1996. The symposium is entitled "Taphonomy of past and present reef organisms" and I hope to include a wide range of current investigations concerning different taphonomic aspects of both past and present reef environments. While I have had some response from geologist or palaeontolgist working on recent reefs, it would be nice to have hear from biologist working on, for example, incrustation, predation, bioerosion, or any other aspects of taphonomy affecting organisms related to the reef environment. Investigations from geologist on fossil reefs are also welcome. If you are interested please contact me. Yours Sincerely, James Nebelsick Dr. James Nebelsick Institute and Museum of Geology and Palaeontology, Sigwartstr. 10; D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany Tel: xx49 7071 29 7546 Fax: xx49 7071 29 6990 email: nebelsick@uni-tuebingen.de From hendee@wave Sat Jul 12 17:23:08 1995 Received: from reef.aoml.erl.gov (reef.aoml.erl.gov [192.111.123.16]) by aoml.erl.gov (8.6.10/8.6.4) with ESMTP id RAA03265; Wed, 12 Jul 1995 17:16:50 -0400 Received: by reef.aoml.erl.gov (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for coral-list-outgoing id VAA05929; Wed, 12 Jul 1995 21:12:51 GMT Received: from coral by reef.aoml.erl.gov via ESMTP (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) for id RAA05924; Wed, 12 Jul 1995 17:12:47 -0400 Received: by coral (940816.SGI.8.6.9/930416.SGI) id RAA01255; Wed, 12 Jul 1995 17:12:46 -0400 Date: Wed, 12 Jul 1995 17:12:46 +30000 From: Coral Health and Monitoring Program To: coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Subject: ICRI Framework for Action Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: TEXT/PLAIN; charset=US-ASCII Sender: owner-coral-list@reef.aoml.erl.gov Precedence: bulk Status: RO X-Status: International Coral Reef Initiative Framework For Action June 2, 1995 PREAMBLE Maintaining the biological diversity, condition, resources, and values of coral reefs and related ecosystems is a matter of global urgency. While the majority of countries which have coral reefs are developing countries, there are many reefs in the waters of developed countries. This unites the developed and developing countries and should command the attention of the international community. Coral reef survival depends upon the world community acquiring and maintaining the knowledge and capacity to conserve and sustainably use coral reefs and related ecosystems. This requires that all uses and impacts be brought within and maintained at levels which do not exceed these systems' natural capacity for production and regeneration. The International Coral Reef Initiative (ICRI) Workshop was held at Silliman University in Dumaguete City, Philippines in May, 1995 to enable countries, donors, development and funding agencies to work with coral reef managers, private sector representatives, non-governmental organisations and scientists to develop this Framework as a basis for achieving sustainable management of coral reefs and related ecosystems. The ICRI Framework for Action builds upon and reflects the principles and processes established by Agenda 21, the UN Commission on Sustainable Development, the Convention on Biological Diversity, the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the Global Conference on Sustainable Development of Small Island Developing States, the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna, Global Program of Action to Protect the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities and other relevant international programs. It has been developed as a succinct statement which should be read and interpreted in light of these documents. This Framework addresses the four elements of the ICRI Call to Action, which are: o management; o capacity building; o research and monitoring; and o review. FRAMEWORK PURPOSE The purpose of this Framework for Action is to mobilise governments and the wide range of other stakeholders whose coordinated, vigorous and effective actions are required to implement the Call to Action. PRINCIPLES The ICRI recognises the following principles: Achieving the ICRI's purpose requires the full participation and commitment of governments, local communities, donors, NGOs, the private sector, resource users and scientists; therefore true partnerships, cooperation and collaboration exemplify the ICRI activities. The over-riding priority is to support actions that will have tangible, positive and measurable effects on coral reefs and related ecosystems and on the well-being of the communities which depend upon them. Human activities are the major cause of coral reef degradation; therefore managing coral reefs means managing those human activities. Individuals whose decisions and actions affect coral reefs--from board rooms to beaches--need to become aware of and committed to the conservation and sustainable use of coral reefs and related ecosystems. The diversity of cultures, traditions and governance within nations and regions should be recognised and built upon in all the ICRI activities. Integrated coastal management, with special emphasis on community participation and benefit, provides a framework for effective coral reef and related ecosystem management. Developing national capacity to conserve and sustainably use coral reefs and related ecosystems requires a long term (decadal) commitment. Improvement of coral reef management requires a permanent commitment and an adaptive approach. Strategic research and monitoring programs should be an integral part of the ICRI because management of coral reefs and related ecosystems should be based on the most relevant scientific information. Actions promoted under this framework should take account of, and fully use, the extensive body of international agreements and organisations that address issues related to coral reefs and related ecosystems. The ICRI will facilitate the leveraging and channeling of existing resources among all sectors for the benefit of coral reefs and related ecosystems. ACTION All those committed to supporting the ICRI and this Framework for Action are called upon to take account of and to act on the following at the international, regional and national levels. Support national and regional efforts to establish and coordinate strategies, priorities and programs to implement the ICRI Framework for Action, starting with regional workshops to be held by early 1996. Ensure that sustainable management of coral reefs and related ecosystems is considered at future relevant international meetings. Develop and/or strengthen national, regional and international mechanisms for gathering and sharing information and expertise on the sustainable management of coral reefs and related ecosystems. Promote improved access to financial and technological resources to enable institutions, regional centres and networks to assist and inform governments, industries and communities. Addressing conservation and sustainable use of coral reefs and related ecosystems requires activities in the following areas: o integrated coastal management; o public awareness, education and training; o ratification of or accession to relevant international instruments; o stakeholder participation at all levels; o training policy makers and private sector decision makers in the development and implementation of coral reef management; o marine science and technology; o environmental law, particularly environmental impact assessment regulations; and o assessing the potential for micro-enterprise development and facilitating access to financing on a small to medium scale. (a) Management Encourage governments to develop and adopt integrated coastal management measures, including: o protection of the marine environment from land based sources of marine pollution; o environmentally sound land use practices, including zoning where appropriate; o measures to protect the marine environment from the adverse effect of maritime activities; o national and regional disaster strategies; o measures to prevent illegal fishing practices, achieve sustainable fisheries and protect the ecological systems that support them; o tourism management and planning; o cultural aspects of resource use; and o enforcement of regulations. Encourage governments and funding agencies to consider the ICRI Framework in project and program design and implementation. Encourage, where appropriate, an intersectoral systems approach to planning and management. Encourage improved coordination among international organisations, donors and NGOs to provide more effective programs at the regional and national level. Encourage prompt implementation of the outcomes of FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and the Global Program of Action to Protect the Marine Environment from Land-Based Activities. Promote awareness and action by the global tourist community to minimise individual and collective impacts of tourism on coral reefs and related ecosystems. Promote the establishment and effective management of coastal and marine protected areas for coral reefs and related ecosystems, within the framework of customary international law as exemplified by the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. This will contribute to the development of the Global Representative System of Marine Protected Areas as proposed by the World Bank, IUCN and Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority. Promote the regulation of international trade in endangered and threatened reef-associated species through the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES), and improve its implementation where required. Encourage governments to develop and promote mechanisms for regulating international trade in species that are illegally harvested.